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18 U.S.C. § 28

U.S. CodeFederalPositive Law
Human trafficking defense
About This Law
/us/usc/t18/s28
Title
18 — Crimes and Criminal Procedure
Chapter
PTI/CH1
Release
119-84
Release Date
2026-04-17

Section Text

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(a) Definitions.—In this section—(1) the term “covered Federal offense” means a level A offense or level B offense, as those terms are defined in section 3771A; and (2) the term “victim of trafficking” has the meaning given the term in section 103 of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (22 U.S.C. 7102). (b) Duress.—In a prosecution for a covered Federal offense, a defendant may establish duress by demonstrating that the defendant was a victim of trafficking at the time at which the defendant committed the offense. (c) Record or Proceeding Under Seal.—In any proceeding in which a defense under subsection (b) is raised, any record or part of the proceeding related to the defense shall, on motion, be placed under seal until such time as a conviction is entered for the offense. (d) Post-Conviction Relief.—A failure to assert, or failed assertion of, a defense under subsection (b) by an individual who is convicted of a covered Federal offense may not preclude the individual from asserting as a mitigating factor, at sentencing or in a proceeding for any post-conviction relief, that at the time of the commission of the offense, the defendant was a victim of trafficking and committed the offense under duress. (e) Federal Aid.—A failure to assert, or failed assertion of, a defense under subsection (b) by an individual who is convicted of a covered Federal offense may not be used for the purpose of disqualifying the individual from participating in any federally funded program that aids victims of trafficking. (Added Pub. L. 119–73, § 6(a), Jan. 23, 2026, 139 Stat. 2009.) Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries Rule of ConstructionPub. L. 119–73, § 8, Jan. 23, 2026, 139 Stat. 2010, provided that: “Nothing in this Act [see Short Title of 2026 Amendment note set out under section 1 of this title], or the amendments made by this Act, may be construed to conflict with any of the crime victims’ rights described in section 3771 of title 18, United States Code.”

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