(a) United States development cooperation policy
The Congress finds that fundamental political, economic, and technological changes have resulted in the interdependence of nations. The Congress declares that the individual liberties, economic prosperity, and security of the people of the United States are best sustained and enhanced in a community of nations which respect individual civil and economic rights and freedoms and which work together to use wisely the world’s limited resources in an open and equitable international economic system. Furthermore, the Congress reaffirms the traditional humanitarian ideals of the American people and renews its commitment to assist people in developing countries to eliminate hunger, poverty, illness, and ignorance.
Therefore, the Congress declares that a principal objective of the foreign policy of the United States is the encouragement and sustained support of the people of developing countries in their efforts to acquire the knowledge and resources essential to development and to build the economic, political, and social institutions which will improve the quality of their lives.
United States development cooperation policy should emphasize five principal goals:
(1) the alleviation of the worst physical manifestations of poverty among the world’s poor majority;
(2) the promotion of conditions enabling developing countries to achieve self-sustaining economic growth with equitable distribution of benefits;
(3) the encouragement of development processes in which individual civil and economic rights are respected and enhanced;
(4) the integration of the developing countries into an open and equitable international economic system; and
(5) the promotion of good governance through combating corruption and improving transparency and accountability.
The Congress declares that pursuit of these goals requires that development concerns be fully reflected in United States foreign policy and that United States development resources be effectively and efficiently utilized.
(b) Coordination of development-related activities
Under the policy guidance of the Secretary of State, the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter should have the responsibility for coordinating all United States development-related activities.
(Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, § 101, formerly § 102, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424; Pub. L. 87–565, pt. I, § 101, Aug. 1, 1962, 76 Stat. 255; Pub. L. 88–205, pt. I, § 101(c), Dec. 16, 1963, 77 Stat. 379; Pub. L. 89–171, pt. I, § 101, Sept. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 653; Pub. L. 89–583, pt. I, § 101, Sept. 19, 1966, 80 Stat. 796; Pub. L. 90–137, pt. I, § 101, Nov. 14, 1967, 81 Stat. 445; Pub. L. 93–189, § 2(2), Dec. 17, 1973, 87 Stat. 714; Pub. L. 94–161, title III, § 301, Dec. 20, 1975, 89 Stat. 855; Pub. L. 95–88, title I, §§ 101, 113(b), Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 533, 538; renumbered and amended Pub. L. 95–424, title I, § 101, Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 937; Pub. L. 106–309, title II, § 203(a), Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1091.)
Editorial Notes
Amendments2000—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106–309 substituted “five principal goals” for “four principal goals” in introductory provisions of third paragraph and added par. (5).
1978—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–424, in setting forth a new declaration of policy generally substituted four principal goals of development cooperation policy, they being (1) the alleviation of the worst manifestations of poverty, (2) self-sustained economic growth, (3) respect for civil and economic rights, and (4) the integration of the developing countries into an open and equitable economic system, for former seven pars. relating to: (1) primary responsibility for development being in the less developed countries themselves; (2) the active involvement of many countries; (3) the encouragement of regional cooperation; (5) assistance being of such nature as to help United States balance of payments; (6) furnishing of assistance in such manner as to promote efficiency, and (7) the furnishing of agricultural commodities, etc., to complement assistance under this subchapter.
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95–424 substituted provisions relating to the responsibility of the agency primarily responsible for administering the program for coordination of all development related activities, for former seven criteria for restructuring relationships with less developed countries, those criteria being: (1) sharing of technical expertise; (2) focusing on critical problems affecting the majority of the people; (3) use of the private sector; (4) development goals as the responsibility of each sovereign nation; (5) priority to undertakings directly improving the lives of the poorest people; (6) private investment in development programs; and (7) responsibility for coordination of activities with the agency having primary responsibility for administering this part.
Subsecs. (c) to (e). Pub. L. 95–424 struck out subsecs. (c) to (e).
1977—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–88, § 113(b)(1), inserted “environment and natural resources” to enumeration of fundamental needs of the people of less developed countries which development assistance must be used in meeting.
Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 95–88, § 113(b)(2), inserted “environment and natural resources;” after “population planning and health;”.
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 95–88, § 101(a), substituted provisions under which the President developed the criteria and factors to be used in assessing the commitment and progress of countries in meeting the objectives set forth in subsec. (c) and transmitted a report by Jan. 31, 1978, to the Speaker of the House and to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate for provisions under which the President had established the criteria without Congressional involvement.
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 95–88, § 101(b), added subsec. (e).
1975—Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 94–161 added subsecs. (c) and (d).
1973—Pub. L. 93–189 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and added subsec. (b).
1967—Pub. L. 90–137, in providing a new statement of policy, reaffirming basic foreign assistance principles, and recognizing new problems and need for new priorities, substituted five pars. concerned with (1) freedom, security, prosperity, aggression, subversion, ignorance, want, despair, and national security; (2) economic cooperation and trade among countries, etc. (a reenactment of former sixth par. less provision for resort to international law procedures in adjudication of issues among friendly countries in support of such economic cooperation, etc.); (3) seven principles pertaining to: self-help efforts and responsibility of the country, multilateral basis of involvement and cooperation, regional cooperation, food production and voluntary family planning, balance of payments, maximum dollar effectiveness, and coordination of overall assistance; (4) Permanent Peace in the Middle East; and (5) suspension of assistance after severance of diplomatic relations for former sixteen pars. relating to: (1) dignity and interdependence of man, and freedom; (2) resources development, living standards improvement, and aspirations for justice, education, etc., now covered in par. (1); (4) free economic institutions and flow of private investment capital; (5) investment guaranties; (6) economic cooperation and trade among countries, etc., as described for par. (2); (7) long-range continuity and disposal of surplus property and agricultural crops; (8) world peace, national security, and dangers of international communism; (9) countries sharing United States views on world crisis; (10) loan guarantees and related technical assistance and development program; (11) regional organizations for mutual assistance; (12) prohibition of assistance for short-term emergency purposes; (13) common undertaking of countries to meet goals; (14) discretionary assistance by the President to South Vietnam to gain victory in the war against communism and return to homeland of Americans from that struggle; (15) damage or destruction by mob action of United States property and termination of assistance, now covered in section 2370(j) of this title; and (16) use of United States Armed Forces, now covered in section 2409 of this title.
1966—Pub. L. 89–583 provided for termination of assistance to any foreign country which does not take appropriate measures to provide compensation for damage or destruction by mob action of United States property within such country and declared that furnishing assistance shall not be construed as creating a new commitment or as affecting any existing commitment to use armed forces of the United States for the defense of any foreign country.
1965—Pub. L. 89–171 added expressions of the sense of Congress that in furnishing assistance under this subchapter excess personal property shall be utilized wherever practicable in lieu of the procurement of new items for United States-assisted projects and programs and that assistance under this chapter and other statutes should be terminated to any country permitting damage to or destruction of U.S. property within such country by mob action or by failing to take adequate preventive measures.
1963—Pub. L. 88–205 declared that institution of full investment guaranty programs with all recipient countries would be regarded as a significant measure of self-help by such countries improving investment climate, that assistance to maintain freedom from communism “shall” rather than “should” emphasize long-range development, that in the administration of programs of assistance, every precaution be taken to assure that assistance is not diverted to any short-term emergency purpose or any purpose not essential to long-range economic development, that other industrialized free-world countries increase their contributions and assistance to more equitably share the burden, and the President should in his discretion, extend or withhold assistance from South Vietnam to further victory and the return home of Americans involved in the struggle there.
1962—Pub. L. 87–565 declared distinctions made by foreign nations between American citizens because of race, color, or religion, relating to rights available to such citizens, to be repugnant to our principals, required in the administration of these funds, that consideration be given those countries sharing our world views and which do not divert their resources to military or propaganda efforts, supported by the Soviet Union or Communist China, against the United States or countries receiving aid under this chapter, that the highest emphasis be given to programs for loans or loan guarantees for use by organizations in making low-interest loans to individuals in friendly countries for the purchase of small farms, purchase of homes, aiding or establishing small businesses, purchase of tools and equipment for an occupation or trade, or to obtain practical education in vocational skills, and to programs of technical assistance and development, each assisted country should be encouraged to recognize needs of the people in the preparation of national development programs, and declared that friendly nations are to be invited, where possible, to join in missions to consult with countries receiving assistance on the possibilities of joint action to assure effective development of economic development plans and effective use of assistance provided them, and that the President may request international financial institutions to assist in establishing such missions.
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
References to Subchapter I Deemed To Include Certain Parts of Subchapter IIReferences to subchapter I of this chapter are deemed to include parts IV (§ 2346 et seq.), VI (§ 2348 et seq.), and VIII (§ 2349aa et seq.) of subchapter II of this chapter, and references to subchapter II are deemed to exclude such parts. See section 202(b) of Pub. L. 92–226, set out as a note under section 2346 of this title, and sections 2348c and 2349aa–5 of this title.
Effective Date of 1979 AmendmentPub. L. 96–53, title V, § 512, Aug. 14, 1979, 93 Stat. 380, provided that:
“(a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section and in section 503(b) [set out as an Effective Date of 1979 Amendment note under section 2385a of this title] this Act [see Short Title of 1979 Amendments note below] shall take effect on October 1, 1979.
“(b) Sections 114(b) [not classified to the Code], 123 [amending a provision set out as a note below], 501 [not classified to the Code], and 509 [set out as a note below] of this Act shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [Aug. 14, 1979].”
Effective Date of 1978 AmendmentPub. L. 95–424, title VI, § 605, Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 961, provided that: “The amendments made by this Act [see Short Title of 1978 Amendment note below] shall take effect on October 1, 1978.”
Short Title of 2025 AmendmentPub. L. 119–60, div. H, title LXXXIII, § 8311, Dec. 18, 2025, 139 Stat. 1854, provided that: “This subtitle [amending sections 2191h of this title and sections 2302, 2311, 2312 of Title 21, Food and Drugs, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2302 and 2313 of Title 21, and section 1701 of Title 50, War and National Defense, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 2291 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Break Up Suspicious Transactions of Fentanyl Act’ or the ‘BUST Fentanyl Act’.”
Short Title of 2022 AmendmentPub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LV, § 5551, Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3340, provided that: “This subtitle [subtitle C (§§ 5551–5558) of title LV of div. E of Pub. L. 117–263, enacting sections 2291l to 2291n of this title, amending sections 2291 and 2291h of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 2291l of this title] may be cited as the ‘Fighting Emerging Narcotics Through Additional Nations to Yield Lasting Results Act’ or the ‘FENTANYL Results Act’.”
Pub. L. 117–103, div. V, § 101, Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 834, provided that: “This division [enacting provisions set out as a note under this section and repealing provisions set out as a note under this section] may be cited as the ‘Haiti Development, Accountability, and Institutional Transparency Initiative Act’.”
Short Title of 2021 AmendmentPub. L. 117–81, div. F, title LXVI, § 6610(a), Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 2447, provided that: “This section [amending sections 2291, 2291h, and 2291j–1 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2291 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Blocking Deadly Fentanyl Imports Act’.”
Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title XII, § 1271, Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3978, provided that: “This subtitle [subtitle H (§§ 1271–1280B) of title XII of div. A of Pub. L. 116–283, enacting section 8607 of this title, amending sections 2151d, 2321h, and 8606 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2151, 2321h, and 8606 of this title] may be cited as the ‘United States-Israel Security Assistance Authorization Act of 2020’.”
Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title XII, § 1281, Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3985, provided that: “This subtitle [subtitle I (§§ 1281–1285) of title XII of div. A of Pub. L. 116–283, enacting section 2152k of this title, amending section 2152f of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2152f of this title] may be cited as the ‘Global Child Thrive Act of 2020’.”
Short Title of 2020 AmendmentPub. L. 116–260, div. FF, title III, § 351, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 3127, provided that: “This subtitle [subtitle F (§§ 351–353) of title III of div. FF of Pub. L. 116–260, enacting sections 2277 and 2277a of this title] may be cited as the ‘The United States – Northern Triangle Enhanced Engagement Act’.”
Short Title of 2019 AmendmentPub. L. 115–442, § 1, Jan. 14, 2019, 132 Stat. 5590, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 2151c–1 of this title and provisions set out as notes under sections 2151c and 2151c–1 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Protecting Girls’ Access to Education in Vulnerable Settings Act’.”
Pub. L. 115–440, § 1(a), Jan. 14, 2019, 132 Stat. 5580, provided that: “This Act [amending sections 2431 to 2431h and 2431k of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 2431b of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under this section] may be cited as the ‘Tropical Forest Conservation Reauthorization Act of 2018’.”
Pub. L. 115–428, § 1, Jan. 9, 2019, 132 Stat. 5509, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 2151–2 of this title, amending sections 2211 to 2214a of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2151–2 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Women’s Entrepreneurship and Economic Empowerment Act of 2018’.”
Short Title of 2018 AmendmentPub. L. 115–231, § 1, Aug. 8, 2018, 132 Stat. 1632, provided that: “This Act [amending provisions set out as a note under this section] may be cited as the ‘Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Amendment Act of 2018’.”
Pub. L. 115–141, div. S, title X, § 1001, Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1143, provided that: “This title [enacting section 2378c–1 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 2378c–1 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Taylor Force Act’.”
Short Title of 2017 AmendmentPub. L. 115–68, § 1, Oct. 6, 2017, 131 Stat. 1202, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 2152j to 2152j–4 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Women, Peace, and Security Act of 2017’.”
Short Title of 2016 AmendmentPub. L. 114–191, § 1, July 15, 2016, 130 Stat. 666, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 2394c of this title and provisions set out as notes under section 2394c of this title] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Aid Transparency and Accountability Act of 2016’.”
Short Title of 2014 AmendmentPub. L. 113–289, § 1, Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3283, provided that: “This Act [amending section 2152h of this title and provisions set out as a note under section 2152h of this title] may be cited as the ‘Senator Paul Simon Water for the World Act of 2014’.”
Short Title of 2010 AmendmentPub. L. 111–166, § 1, May 17, 2010, 124 Stat. 1186, provided that: “This Act [amending sections 2151n and 2304 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Daniel Pearl Freedom of the Press Act of 2009’.”
Short Title of 2008 AmendmentPub. L. 110–457, title IV, § 401, Dec. 23, 2008, 122 Stat. 5087, provided that: “This title [enacting sections 2370c to 2370c–2 of this title, amending section 4028 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2370c of this title] may be cited as the ‘Child Soldiers Prevention Act of 2008’.”
Pub. L. 110–417, [div. A], title XVI, § 1601, Oct. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 4652, provided that: “This title [enacting sections 2368, 2734, and 2734a of this title and provisions set out as notes under sections 2368 and 2734a of this title] may be cited as the ‘Reconstruction and Stabilization Civilian Management Act of 2008’.”
Short Title of 2007 AmendmentPub. L. 110–53, title XX, § 2001, Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 508, provided that: “This title [enacting section 6216 of this title, amending section 2228 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 2228, 2375, 2452c, 2656, 6204, 6216, and 7511 of this title and section 2000dd of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 2452 of this title] may be cited as the ‘9/11 Commission International Implementation Act of 2007’.”
Pub. L. 109–472, § 1(a), Jan. 11, 2007, 120 Stat. 3554, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 288l, 2349bb–5, and 2349bb–6 of this title and section 118 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, amending sections 214, 288f–2, 2321h, 2349bb–2, and 4856 of this title, section 5924 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and section 1356 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality, enacting provisions set out as notes under section 2751 of this title and section 1714 of Title 8, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 6206 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Department of State Authorities Act of 2006’.”
Short Title of 2006 AmendmentPub. L. 109–165, § 1, Jan. 10, 2006, 119 Stat. 3574, provided that: “This Act [enacting and amending provisions set out as notes under section 2152 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Torture Victims Relief Reauthorization Act of 2005’.”
Short Title of 2005 AmendmentPub. L. 109–95, § 1, Nov. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 2111, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 2152f and 2152g of this title and provisions set out as notes under sections 2152f and 2152g of this title] may be cited as the ‘Assistance for Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children in Developing Countries Act of 2005’.”
Short Title of 2004 AmendmentPub. L. 108–484, § 1, Dec. 23, 2004, 118 Stat. 3922, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 2211 to 2211d, 2214, and 2214a of this title, amending sections 2212 and 2213 of this title, transferring sections 2151f and 2152b of this title to sections 2212 and 2213, respectively, of this title, repealing section 2152a of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under section 2211 of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 2212 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Microenterprise Results and Accountability Act of 2004’.”
Short Title of 2003 AmendmentsPub. L. 108–179, § 1, Dec. 15, 2003, 117 Stat. 2643, provided that: “This Act [enacting and amending provisions set out as notes under section 2152 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Torture Victims Relief Reauthorization Act of 2003’.”
Pub. L. 108–158, § 1, Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat. 1949, provided that: “This Act [amending sections 2193, 2194, 2195, 2198, and 2200 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Overseas Private Investment Corporation Amendments Act of 2003’.”
Short Title of 2002 AmendmentsPub. L. 107–246, § 1, Oct. 23, 2002, 116 Stat. 1511, provided that: “This Act [amending sections 2295 and 2295b of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 2295 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Russian Democracy Act of 2002’.”
Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, title VI, § 661, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1405, provided that: “This subtitle [subtitle E (§§ 661–665) of title VI of div. A of Pub. L. 107–228, enacting section 2151n–2 of this title, amending sections 2151n and 2304 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2151n and 2151n–2 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Freedom Investment Act of 2002’.”
Pub. L. 107–228, div. B, title X, § 1001, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1425, provided that: “This division [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘Security Assistance Act of 2002’.”
Short Title of 2000 AmendmentsPub. L. 106–570, § 1, Dec. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 3038, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 2151b–1 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 2151b–1, 2517, 2656, and 6901 of this title, section 1701 of Title 50, War and National Defense, and preceding section 28101 of Title 49, Transportation] may be cited as the ‘Assistance for International Malaria Control Act’.”
Pub. L. 106–570, title I, § 101, Dec. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 3039, provided that: “This title [enacting section 2151b–1 of this title and provisions set out as a note under section 2151b–1 of this title] may be cited as the ‘International Malaria Control Act of 2000’.”
Pub. L. 106–373, § 1, Oct. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 1427, provided that: “This Act [amending sections 2220a to 2220c and 2220e of this title] may be cited as the ‘Famine Prevention and Freedom From Hunger Improvement Act of 2000’.”
Pub. L. 106–309, § 1, Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1078, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 2152a to 2152c and 2462 of this title, amending this section and sections 287e–1, 2151–1, 2151f, 2151i, 2151aa, and 2395 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 2151f, 2151i, 2152b, 2152c, 2462, and 2517 of this title and section 402 of Title 10, Armed Forces] may be cited as the ‘Microenterprise for Self-Reliance and International Anti-Corruption Act of 2000’.”
Pub. L. 106–309, title I, § 101, Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1079, provided that: “This title [enacting sections 2152a and 2152b of this title, amending section 2151f of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2151f and 2152b of this title] may be cited as the ‘Microenterprise for Self-Reliance Act of 2000’.”
Pub. L. 106–309, title II, § 201, Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1090, provided that: “This title [enacting section 2152c of this title, amending this section and sections 2151–1 and 2151aa of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 2152c of this title] may be cited as the ‘International Anti-Corruption and Good Governance Act of 2000’.”
Pub. L. 106–309, title IV, § 401(a), Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1096, provided that: “This section [amending section 2151i of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 2151i of this title] may be cited as the ‘Support for Overseas Cooperative Development Act’.”
Pub. L. 106–280, § 1(a), Oct. 6, 2000, 114 Stat. 845, provided that: “This Act [enacting part IX (§ 2349bb et seq.) of subchapter II of this chapter and sections 2305, 2347f, and 2347g of this title, amending sections 2302, 2318, 2321h, 2321j, 2349aa–4, 2415, 2776, 2778, 2797, and 6723 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2305, 2797, and 2797b of this title] may be cited as the ‘Security Assistance Act of 2000’.”
Pub. L. 106–264, title II, § 201, Aug. 19, 2000, 114 Stat. 758, provided that: “This title [amending section 2151b of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2151b of this title] may be cited as the ‘International Tuberculosis Control Act of 2000’.”
Short Title of 1999 AmendmentsPub. L. 106–158, § 1, Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1745, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 4727a of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, amending sections 2191a, 2193, 2195, and 2421 of this title and section 4727 of Title 15, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2191a of this title] may be cited as the ‘Export Enhancement Act of 1999’.”
Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(2) [title V, § 596(a)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1535, 1501A–123, provided that: “This section [enacting part XII of subchapter I of this chapter and amending sections 5812 and 5814 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Silk Road Strategy Act of 1999’.”
Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(7) [div. B, title XII, § 1201], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–497, provided that: “This title [amending sections 2321h, 2321j, 2367, 2753, 2761, 2762, 2776, and 2779a of this title and section 301 of Title 13, Census, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 2551 of this title, sections 1 and 301 of Title 13, and former section 2099 of the former Appendix to Title 50, War and National Defense] may be cited as the ‘Security Assistance Act of 1999’.”
Pub. L. 106–87, § 1, Nov. 3, 1999, 113 Stat. 1301, provided that: “This Act [amending section 2152 of this title and provisions set out as a note under section 2152 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Torture Victims Relief Reauthorization Act of 1999’.”
Short Title of 1996 AmendmentPub. L. 104–319, § 1, Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3864, provided that: “This Act [amending sections 277b, 2151n, and 2304 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 2452 of this title, and amending provisions set out as notes under sections 1157 and 1255 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality] may be cited as the ‘Human Rights, Refugee, and Other Foreign Relations Provisions Act of 1996’.”
Short Title of 1994 AmendmentsPub. L. 103–447, § 1, Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4691, provided that: “This Act [amending sections 2291, 2291a, 2291e, 2291f, 2291h to 2291k of this title, section 635 of Title 12, Banks and Banking, section 981 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, section 1616a of Title 19, Customs Duties, and section 881 of Title 21, Food and Drugs, repealing section 2291–2 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section, sections 1928 and 2420 of this title, and section 1182 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality, amending provisions set out as a note under section 5311 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and repealing provisions set out as notes under this section, sections 2291, 2291h, and 2420 of this title, section 701 of Title 41, Public Contracts, and section 1902 of Title 46, Appendix, Shipping] may be cited as the ‘International Narcotics Control Corrections Act of 1994’.”
Pub. L. 103–392, § 1, Oct. 22, 1994, 108 Stat. 4098, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 2151t–1 of this title, amending sections 2191, 2195, and 2421 of this title and sections 4052 and 4728 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 4701 of Title 15] may be cited as the ‘Jobs Through Trade Expansion Act of 1994’.”
Short Title of 1992 AmendmentsPub. L. 102–583, § 1, Nov. 2, 1992, 106 Stat. 4914, provided that Pub. L. 102–583 could be cited as the “International Narcotics Control Act of 1992”, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103–447, title I, § 103(a), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4693.
Pub. L. 102–549, § 1, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3651, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 2077, 2200b, 2421a to 2421e, and 2430 to 2430i of this title and section 4723a of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, amending sections 2191, 2191a, 2194, 2195, 2197 to 2199, 2200a, 2421, and 5401 of this title, section 5314 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, section 1738i of Title 7, Agriculture, and sections 635q to 635s of Title 12, Banks and Banking, repealing section 2296 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 262s–2, 2296, 2421, and 2421a of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under this section] may be cited as the ‘Jobs Through Exports Act of 1992’.”
Pub. L. 102–549, title VI, § 601, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3664, provided that: “This title [enacting sections 2077 and 2430 to 2430i of this title, amending section 1738i of Title 7, Agriculture, repealing section 2296 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2296 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Enterprise for the Americas Act of 1992’.”
Short Title of 1990 AmendmentPub. L. 101–623, § 1(a), Nov. 21, 1990, 104 Stat. 3350, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 2151x–1 of this title and section 3196 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, amending sections 2291c, 2321k, 2346c, and 2360 of this title and section 635 of Title 12, Banks and Banking, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2291, 2291h, and 2360 of this title] may be cited as the ‘International Narcotics Control Act of 1990’.”
Short Title of 1989 AmendmentsPub. L. 101–240, § 1(a), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2492, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 262m–7, 262p–4g to 262p–4k, 262r to 262r–2, 262s–1, 262t, 283z–5 to 283z–8, 286e–12, 286kk, 2281 to 2286, and 7901 to 7908 of this title and section 3904a of Title 12, Banks and Banking, amending sections 262d, 262m–7, 262p–1, 262p–5, 262s–2, 282b, 283b, 283cc, 284b, 285b, 286b, 286e–9, 286k–1, 286s, 290g–2, 290i–3, and 290k–5 of this title and sections 635 and 635i–3 of Title 12, transferring former section 262q of this title to section 262s of this title, and former section 4722 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, to section 262s–2 of this title, repealing sections 262i, 262m–6, 276c–3, 283i, 286b–1, and 286b–2 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section, sections 262d, 283z–6, 2291, and 7901 of this title, and sections 635, 3901, and 3904a of Title 12, amending provisions set out as a note under section 262l of this title, and repealing provisions set out as notes under sections 262g–2 and 283 of this title] may be cited as the ‘International Development and Finance Act of 1989’.”
Pub. L. 101–240, title VII, § 701, Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2521, provided that: “This title [enacting sections 2281 to 2286 and 7901 to 7908 of this title and provisions set out as a note under section 7901 of this title of this title] may be cited as the ‘Global Environmental Protection Assistance Act of 1989’.”
Pub. L. 101–231, § 1(a), Dec. 13, 1989, 103 Stat. 1954, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 2321k of this title, amending sections 2291, 2291a, 2708, and 2795 of this title and sections 2492 and 2495 of Title 19, Customs Duties, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2291 and 2708 of this title] may be cited as the ‘International Narcotics Control Act of 1989’.”
Pub. L. 101–222, § 1(a), Dec. 12, 1989, 103 Stat. 1892, provided that: “This Act [amending sections 1732, 2364, 2371, 2753, 2776, 2778, and 2780 of this title and section 4605 of Title 50, War and National Defense, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2371 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Anti-Terrorism and Arms Export Amendments Act of 1989’.”
Short Title of 1988 AmendmentsPub. L. 100–690, title IV, § 4001, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4261, provided that title IV of Pub. L. 100–690 could be cited as the “International Narcotics Control Act of 1988”, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103–447, title I, § 103(b), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4693.
Pub. L. 100–461, title V, § 555 [H.R. 5263, title I, § 101, and S. 2757, title I, § 101], Oct. 1, 1988, 102 Stat. 2268–36, provided that: “This title [amending sections 2191, 2194, 2194b, 2195, 2197, 2199, and 2200a of this title] may be cited as the ‘Overseas Private Investment Corporation Amendments Act of 1988’.”
Short Title of 1986 AmendmentsPub. L. 99–570, title II, § 2001, Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–60, provided that title II of Pub. L. 99–570 could be cited as the “International Narcotics Control Act of 1986”, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103–447, title I, § 103(c), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4694.
Pub. L. 99–529, § 1, Oct. 24, 1986, 100 Stat. 3010, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 2151p–1 of this title, amending sections 290f, 2151b, 2151p, 2151q, 2222, 2291a, 2427, and 3929 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 290f of this title] may be cited as the ‘Special Foreign Assistance Act of 1986’.”
Short Title of 1985 AmendmentsPub. L. 99–204, § 1, Dec. 23, 1985, 99 Stat. 1669, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 2191a and 2194b of this title, amending sections 2191, 2194, 2195, and 2197 to 2200a of this title and section 709 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, repealing section 2200b of this title, enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2191a of this title, and repealing provisions set out as a note under section 2200a of this title] may be cited as the ‘Overseas Private Investment Corporation Amendments Act of 1985’.”
Pub. L. 99–83, § 1(a), Aug. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 190, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 2227, 2271 to 2276, 2291b, 2346 to 2346c, 2347c, 2347d, 2349aa–7 to 2349aa–9, 2511, 2521a, and 2770a of this title, section 469j of Title 16, Conservation, and sections 1356b and 1515a of former Title 49, Transportation, amending sections 290f, 290h–8, 290h–9, 2151–1, 2151a to 2151d, 2151f, 2151h, 2151s, 2151u, 2151x, 2151z, 2174, 2182, 2182a, 2184, 2201, 2222, 2291, 2291a, 2292a, 2304, 2311, 2312, 2314, 2321h, 2321i, 2346b, 2347a, 2348a, 2349aa–2, 2349aa–4, 2354, 2361, 2364, 2370, 2371, 2375, 2394, 2394–1, 2396, 2411, 2413, 2420, 2421, 2427, 2429a, 2501, 2502, 2504, 2506, 2510, 2522, 2523, 2752, 2753, 2761, 2763 to 2767, 2771, 2776, 2778, 2791, 2792, 2794, and 2795 of this title, sections 1431, 1721, 1722, 1727a, and 1736b of Title 7, Agriculture, section 7307 of Title 10, Armed Forces, and sections 1356, 1471, and 1515 of former Title 49, repealing sections 2293, 2294, 2346 to 2346c, 2346e to 2346i, and 2349aa–6 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 2151–1, 2151b, 2151u, 2291, 2346, 2374, 2429a, 2506, 2511, 2751, and 2778 of this title, section 4011 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, and section 1515 of former Title 49, amending provisions set out as notes under sections 2370 and 2501 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as a note under section 2293 of this title] may be cited as the ‘International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985’.”
Pub. L. 99–83, title VI, § 601, Aug. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 228, provided that: “This title [enacting section 2291b of this title, amending sections 2151x, 2291, and 2291a of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2291 of this title] may be cited as the ‘International Narcotics Control Act of 1985’.”
Short Title of 1983 AmendmentsPub. L. 98–164, title VII, § 701, Nov. 22, 1983, 97 Stat. 1045, provided that: “This title [enacting section 2151q of this title and amending section 2452 of this title] may be cited as the ‘International Environment Protection Act of 1983’.”
Pub. L. 98–151, § 101(b)(2), Nov. 14, 1983, 97 Stat. 968, provided in part that: “Section 101(b)(2) of this joint resolution [enacting sections 2151f, and 2349aa to 2349aa–6 of this title, amending sections 2304, 2346a, 2403, and 2771 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2349aa of this title] may be cited as the ‘International Security and Development Assistance Authorizations Act of 1983’.”
Short Title of 1981 AmendmentsPub. L. 97–113, § 1, Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1519, provided that: “This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the ‘International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1981’.”
Pub. L. 97–65, § 1, Oct. 16, 1981, 95 Stat. 1021, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 2194a and 2200b of this title, amending sections 2191, 2193, 2194, 2195, 2197, 2198, 2199, and 2200a of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2193 and 2200a of this title] may be cited as the ‘Overseas Private Investment Corporation Amendments Act of 1981’.”
Short Title of 1980 AmendmentsPub. L. 96–533, § 1, Dec. 16, 1980, 94 Stat. 3131, provided: “This Act [enacting sections 290h to 290h–9, 2226, 2346a, 2346b, 2769, and 2778a of this title, amending sections 2151a to 2151d, 2151n, 2151s, 2151u, 2151v, 2174, 2221, 2222, 2291a, 2292, 2292a, 2292l, 2304, 2311, 2312, 2318, 2321h to 2321j, 2346, 2347a, 2348a, 2354, 2364, 2367, 2370, 2384, 2394, 2399d, 2403, 2411, 2421, 2427, 2502, 2514, 2753, 2761 to 2765, 2771, 2776 to 2779, 2791, 2794, and 3510 of this title, sections 1712 and 1733 of Title 7, Agriculture, sections 5041 and 5045 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and section 4605 of Title 50, War and National Defense, repealing sections 2151q, 2346c to 2346e, and 2348b of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 290h, 2151a, 2291a, 2293, 2370, and 3401 of this title, section 1522 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality, and section 2667 of Title 10, Armed Forces, and repealing a provision set out as a note under section 2293 of this title] may be cited as the ‘International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1980’.”
Pub. L. 96–257, § 1, May 31, 1980, 94 Stat. 422, provided: “That this Act [enacting section 2346e of this title] may be cited as the ‘Special Central American Assistance Act of 1979’.”
Short Title of 1979 AmendmentsPub. L. 96–92, § 1, Oct. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 701, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 2346d, 2767, and 2768 of this title, amending sections 2261, 2291, 2291a, 2304, 2312, 2318, 2321h to 2321j, 2346 to 2346c, 2347a, 2348, 2348a, 2403, 2753, 2761, 2765, 2771, 2773, 2776, 2778, 2792, and 2794 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 2321h, 2346c, 2771, 2776, and 3302 of this title] may be cited as the ‘International Security Assistance Act of 1979’.”
Pub. L. 96–53, § 1, Aug. 14, 1979, 93 Stat. 359, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 2151x, 2151y, 2374, and 3501 to 3513 of this title, and sections 1736g of Title 7, Agriculture, amending sections 2151–1, 2151a to 2151d, 2151i, 2151k, 2151n, 2151p, 2151q, 2151s, 2151u, 2151v, 2174, 2182, 2182a, 2183, 2220b, 2222, 2292a, 2292l, 2304, 2357, 2361, 2385a, 2395, 2399c, 2421, 2427, 2502, and 2506 of this title, sections 5314 to 5316 and 5924 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and sections 1703, 1704, 1722, 1726, 1727, 1727a, 1727b, 1727d to 1727f, 1731, and 1734 of Title 7, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 2151n, 2151y, 2312, 2385a, and 3201 of this title] may be cited as the ‘International Development Cooperation Act of 1979’.”
Short Title of 1978 AmendmentsPub. L. 95–424, § 1, Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 937, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 2151–1, 2151t, 2151u, 2151v, 2151w, 2201, 2292l, 2335a, 2393a, 2394–1, 2394–1a and 2395a of this title, amending this section and sections 2151a, 2151a–1, 2151b, 2151c, 2151d, 2151e, 2151g, 2151h, 2151k, 2151n, 2151p, 2151q, 2151r, 2174, 2181, 2182, 2182a, 2183, 2213, 2220a, 2220d, 2221, 2222, 2292, 2292a, 2292i, 2292k, 2351, 2357, 2358, 2361, 2370, 2381a, 2384, 2394, 2395, 2396, 2397, 2399c, 2403, 2421, and 2427 of this title and sections 1703, 1706, 1727c, and 1727d of Title 7, Agriculture, repealing sections 2151f, 2151l, 2151m, 2151o, 2161, 2162, 2164, 2167, 2168, 2171, 2172, 2175, 2176, 2177, 2178, 2180, 2180a, 2211, 2212, 2213, 2216, 2217, 2217a, 2219, 2219a, 2220, 2224, 2271, 2281, 2292d, 2292g, 2368, 2369, 2408, 2410, 2415, 2416, 2417, 2418, and 2425 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 2151v, 2151u, 2222, 2292d, and 2395 of this title and section 1711 of Title 7] may be cited as the ‘International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978’.”
Pub. L. 95–384, § 1, Sept. 26, 1978, 92 Stat. 730, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 2348 to 2348c, 2373, 2417, 2428b, and 2766 of this title, amending sections 1754, 2261, 2291, 2291a, 2304, 2312, 2321b, 2321h to 2321j, 2346 to 2346c, 2347a, 2347b, 2360, 2372, 2413, 2429, 2429a, 2751, 2761, 2762, 2765, 2771, and 2776 of this title and section 4603 of Title 50, War and National Defense, repealing sections 2441 to 2443 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 287c, 1754, 2291, 2311, 2346, 2346a, 2370, and 2751 of this title] may be cited as the ‘International Security Assistance Act of 1978’.”
Pub. L. 95–268, § 1, Apr. 24, 1978, 92 Stat. 213, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 2200 of this title and amending sections 2191, 2194, 2195, 2197, 2199, and 2200a of this title] may be cited as the ‘Overseas Private Investment Corporation Amendments Act of 1978’.”
Short Title of 1977 AmendmentsPub. L. 95–92, § 1, Aug. 4, 1977, 91 Stat. 614, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 2294, 2346b, 2372, and 2429a of this title, amending sections 2261, 2291a, 2312, 2321h to 2321j, 2346, 2346a, 2347a, 2370, 2391, 2429, 2443, 2753, 2771, 2778, and 2792 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 2346, 2370, 2406, 2431, and 2751 of this title] may be cited as the ‘International Security Assistance Act of 1977’.”
Pub. L. 95–88, § 1, Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 533, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 2151o to 2151s, 2292k, and 2429b of this title and sections 1712, 1713, 1714, and 1727 to 1727f of Title 7, Agriculture, amending this section and sections 2151a, 2151b, 2151c, 2151d, 2151g, 2151h, 2151i, 2151k, 2151l, 2151m, 2151n, 2174, 2181, 2182, 2182a, 2183, 2222, 2225, 2292a, 2292h, 2357, 2370, 2384, 2385, 2386, 2399c, 2421, and 2427 of this title, section 5315 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and sections 1427, 1431, 1692, 1702, 1703, 1706, 1711, 1721, 1722, 1723, 1726, 1731, and 1736b of Title 7, repealing section 2424 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 2151b, 2151i, 2174, 2357, and 2384 of this title and sections 1702, 1708, and 1722 of Title 7] may be cited as the ‘International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1977’.”
Short Title of 1976 AmendmentPub. L. 94–329, § 1, June 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 729, provided: “That this Act [enacting sections 2292h, 2292i, 2321j, 2347, 2347a, 2347b, 2371, 2394a, 2428, 2429, 2755, 2765, 2778, and 2779 of this title, amending sections 2183, 2222, 2261, 2291, 2291a, 2292f, 2304, 2312, 2314, 2318, 2321b, 2321h, 2321i, 2346a, 2370, 2382, 2383, 2384, 2386, 2392, 2394, 2396, 2403, 2415, 2416, 2417, 2441, 2443, 2751, 2751 note, 2752, 2753, 2761, 2762, 2763, 2771, 2776, 2791, 2792, and 2794 of this title, repealing sections 2321a, 2415 note, 2431, 2431 notes, 2432, 2432 note, 2433, 2433 note, 2434, and 2435, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 2291, 2292, 2314, 2321a, 2321b, 2347, 2352, 2370, 2428, 2431, 2441, 2751, 2753, 2763, 2776, and 2778 of this title] may be cited as the ‘International Security Assistance and Arms Export Control Act of 1976’.”
Short Title of 1975 AmendmentPub. L. 94–161, § 1, Dec. 20, 1975, 89 Stat. 849, provided: “That this Act [redesignating as sections 2292c to 2292e former sections 2262, 2399–1a, and 2399–1b of this title, enacting sections 2151a–1, 2151d, 2151e, 2151n, 2220a to 2220e, 2292 to 2292b, 2292f, and 2425 to 2427 of this title and sections 1691a, 1711, 1726, and 1736f of Title 7, Agriculture, amending this section and sections 2151a, 2151b, 2151c, 2151h, 2151i, 2151k, 2169, 2174, 2181 to 2183, 2221, 2222, 2225, 2293, 2357 and 2421 of this title and sections 1691, 1703, 1706, 1709, 1721, 1736, 1736a, and 1736b of Title 7, repealing sections 2151d, 2151e, 2201, 2292, and 2399 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2220a of this title and as a note under section 1691a of Title 7] may be cited as the ‘International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1975’.”
Short Title of 1974 AmendmentsPub. L. 93–559, § 1, Dec. 30, 1974, 88 Stat. 1795, provided: “That this Act [enacting sections 2151m, 2175a, 2182a, 2225, 2293, 2304, 2321h, 2321i, 2419 to 2424, 2435, and 2441 to 2443 of this title, amending sections 278, 2151a to 2151c, 2163, 2181, 2183, 2219a, 2222, 2261, 2312, 2318, 2321b, 2321f, 2346a, 2360, 2364, 2370, 2394, 2399, 2413, 2415, 2416, 2753, 2763, 2764, 2771, 2773, 2775, and 2776 of this title, repealing sections 2151j and 2200 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2166, 2175, 2311, 2370, 2399, 2406, 2415, 2431 to 2433, 2551, and 2764 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as a note under this section] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Assistance Act of 1974’.”
Pub. L. 93–390, § 1, Aug. 27, 1974, 88 Stat. 763, provided: “That this Act [amending sections 2191, 2194, 2195, 2197, 2199, 2200 and 2200a of this title] may be cited as the ‘Overseas Private Investment Corporation Amendments Act of 1974’.”
Pub. L. 93–333, § 1, July 8, 1974, 88 Stat. 290, provided: “That this Act [enacting section 2292c of this title, amending section 2292d of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 2395 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Disaster Assistance Act of 1974’.”
Short Title of 1973 AmendmentPub. L. 93–189, § 1, Dec. 17, 1973, 87 Stat. 714, provided: “That this Act [enacting sections 2151a to 2151l, 2303, 2399–1a, 2399–1b, 2399c, 2399d, 2431 to 2434 and 2794 of this title, amending this section and sections 285n, 1934, 2163, 2171, 2174, 2181, 2183, 2195, 2199, 2200, 2212, 2219a, 2221, 2222, 2261, 2291, 2291a, 2311, 2312, 2314, 2318, 2321b, 2321f, 2346a, 2367, 2370, 2385, 2394, and section 2397 of this title, repealing sections 2314a, 2319 to 2321, 2321e, 2321g, and 2346a, of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 1942, 2163, 2220, 2415, and 2431 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Assistance Act of 1973’.”
Short Title of 1972 AmendmentPub. L. 92–226, § 1, Feb. 7, 1972, 86 Stat. 20, provided: “That this Act [enacting sections 2180a, 2291, 2292, 2321d to 2321g, 2346 to 2346b, and 2413 to 2418 of this title, amending sections 276, 290f, 1476, 1928b, 2162, 2163, 2169, 2172, 2174, 2181, 2183, 2198, 2199, 2200, 2212, 2219a, 2222, 2261, 2312, 2314, 2318, 2319, 2321b, 2370, 2384, 2394, 2397, 2403, 2411, 2684, 2771, 2773, and 2791 of this title and section 5314 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, repealing sections 2165 and 2241 to 2243 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 287e, 2411, 2417, and 2680 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Assistance Act of 1971’.”
Short Title of 1971 AmendmentPub. L. 91–652, § 1, Jan. 5, 1971, 84 Stat. 1942, provided: “That this Act [enacting section 2411 of this title, amending sections 2261 and 2242 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2261, 2302, and 2411 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Special Foreign Assistance Act of 1971’.”
Short Title of 1969 AmendmentPub. L. 91–175, § 1, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 805, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 290f, 2179, 2180, 2194 to 2200a and 2321a of this title, amending sections 2162, 2163, 2172, 2174, 2181 to 2183, 2191 to 2193, 2212, 2219a, 2221, 2222, 2242, 2261, 2312, 2318, 2360, 2362, 2370, 2384, 2394, 2396, 2397 and 2402 of this title, section 846 of former Title 31, Money and Finance, and sections 3343, 3581, 3582 and 5314 to 5316 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and enacting provision set out as a note under this section], may be cited as the ‘Foreign Assistance Act of 1969’.”
Short Title of 1968 AmendmentPub. L. 90–554, § 1, Oct. 8, 1968, 82 Stat. 960, provided: “That this Act [enacting sections 2381a, 2399b, and 2410 of this title and section 617 of Title 16, Conservation, amending sections 2161, 2162, 2171, 2172, 2174, 2181, 2184, 2212, 2218, 2219a, 2222, 2242, 2261, 2312, 2318–2320, 2354, 2357, 2370, 2381, 2385, 2396, and 2397 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under this section] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Assistance Act of 1968’.”
Short Title of 1967 AmendmentPub. L. 90–137, § 1, Nov. 14, 1967, 81 Stat. 445, provided: “That this Act [enacting sections 2167 to 2169, 2178, 2219, 2219a, 2220, 2224, 2243, 2302, 2341 to 2345, and 2409 of this title, amending this section and sections 276, 276c–1, 1928b to 1928d, 1934, 2161, 2162, 2165, 2171, 2172, 2174, 2181 to 2184, 2192, 2211, 2212, 2218, 2221, 2222, 2241, 2242, 2261, 2271, 2301, 2302, 2311, 2312, 2314, 2318 to 2321, 2341 to 2345, 2351, 2358, 2360, 2361, 2364, 2384 to 2386, 2389, 2392, 2394 to 2397, 2399a, and 2403 of this title, repealing sections 2217b and 2317(a) of this title, and enacting provision set out as a note under section 2395 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Assistance Act of 1967’.”
Short Title of 1966 AmendmentPub. L. 89–583, § 1, Sept. 19, 1966, 80 Stat. 795, provided: “That this Act [enacting sections 2217 to 2217b, 2218, 2281, and 2322 of this title and amending this section and sections 2161, 2162, 2165, 2171, 2172, 2174, 2181, 2182, 2184, 2211, 2212, 2221, 2222, 2241, 2242, 2261, 2312, 2314, 2316, 2318, 2320, 2351, 2354, 2358, 2360, 2362, 2364, 2370, 2382, 2384, 2394, 2395, and 2397 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Assistance Act of 1966’.”
Short Title of 1965 AmendmentPub. L. 89–171, § 1, Sept. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 653, provided: “That this Act [enacting sections 2166, 2399, 2399a and 2408 of this title, and amending this section and sections 2165, 2172, 2174, 2181 to 2184, 2212, 2221, 2222, 2242, 2261, 2311 to 2313, 2315 to 2320, 2355, 2362, 2363, 2370, 2382, 2384 to 2386, 2390, 2391, 2395 to 2398, 2403, and 2404 of this title, section 1707 of Title 7, Agriculture, and provisions set out as a note under this section] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Assistance Act of 1965’.”
Short Title of 1964 AmendmentPub. L. 88–633, § 1, Oct. 7, 1964, 78 Stat. 1009, provided: “That this Act [enacting sections 2177, 2321, and 2407 of this title, amending sections 276, 1754, 2161, 2172, 2174, 2176, 2181, 2184, 2192, 2212, 2222, 2242, 2261, 2311, 2312, 2315, 2317, 2318, 2320, 2351, 2362, 2370, 2385, 2386, and 2397 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under this section] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Assistance Act of 1964’.”
Short Title of 1963 AmendmentPub. L. 88–205, § 1, Dec. 16, 1963, 77 Stat. 379, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 816, 1138a, 2216, 2320, 2398, and 2684 of this title, amending sections 961, 1136, 1139, 1251, 1928a, 1943, 2161, 2162, 2172, 2174, 2181, 2182, 2184, 2201, 2211 to 2213, 2222, 2242, 2261, 2312, 2313, 2318, 2319, 2351, 2361, 2362, 2370, 2381, 2384, 2386, 2391, 2395 to 2397, 2403, and 2404 of this title, sections 1701, 1705, 1706, and 1722 of Title 7, Agriculture, and section 1861 of Title 19, Customs Duties, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 1942 of this title, and section 1706 of Title 7, and repealing provisions set out as notes under this section and section 2301 of this title], may be cited as the ‘Foreign Assistance Act of 1963’.”
Short Title of 1962 AmendmentPub. L. 87–565, § 1, Aug. 1, 1962, 76 Stat. 255, provided: “That this Act [enacting sections 2211 to 2213 of this title, amending this section and sections 276, 2161, 2171, 2172, 2181, 2182, 2184, 2192, 2222, 2242, 2261, 2271, 2314, 2315, 2318, 2360, 2361, 2368, 2370, 2381, 2384, 2385, 2389, 2394, 2395, 2397, 2402 to 2404, 2452, and 2669 of this title, repealing section 2173 of this title, enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2452 of this title, and repealing Part IV of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961] may be cited as the ‘Foreign Assistance Act of 1962’.”
Short TitlePub. L. 87–195, § 1, as added by Pub. L. 87–329, title I, § 111, Sept. 30, 1961, 75 Stat. 719, provided: “That this Act [enacting this chapter and sections 1613d and 1945 of this title, amending sections 276, 279a, 1041, 1112, 1136, 1148, 1157, 1754, 1783, 1925, 1951 and 1964 of this title, section 1704 of Title 7, Agriculture, and sections 1651 and 1701 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 276, 1613d, and 1925 of this title, and repealing sections 1750, 1750a, 1750b to 1753a, 1755 to 1759, 1760, 1761 to 1765, 1766a to 1766c, 1767a, 1768, 1781, 1782, 1784 to 1795, 1797, 1811, 1812 to 1817, 1841, 1851, 1852, 1854, 1870, 1871 to 1876, 1891 to 1896, 1897, 1920, 1921, 1923, 1924, 1926, 1927, 1929, 1931, 1933, 1935, 1936, 1939 to 1940a, 1941, 2051 to 2053, 2071 and 2072 of this title, Reorganization Plan No. 7 of 1953, and provisions set out as notes under sections 1753, 1783, 1922, 1928b, 1939 and 1951 of this title] may be cited as ‘The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961’.”
Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, § 101, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424, which provided that this subchapter should be cited as the “Act for International Development of 1961” was repealed by Pub. L. 88–205, pt. I, § 101(b), Dec. 16, 1963, 77 Stat. 379.
Pub. L. 87–195, pt. V, § 801, as added by Pub. L. 105–214, § 1, July 29, 1998, 112 Stat. 885, as amended by Pub. L. 115–440, § 2(a), Jan. 14, 2019, 132 Stat. 5580, provided that: “This part [part V (§§ 801–813) of Pub. L. 87–195, enacting subchapter IV of this chapter] may be cited as the ‘Tropical Forest and Coral Reef Conservation Act of 1998’.”
RepealsPub. L. 87–195, pt. III, § 642, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460, as amended by Pub. L. 89–171, pt. III, § 303(a), Sept. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 661, provided that:
“(a) There are hereby repealed—“(1) Reorganization Plan Numbered 7 of 1953 [formerly set out as a note under section 1785 of this title].
“(2) the Mutual Security Act of 1954, as amended [section 1750 et seq. of this title] (except sections 402, 405(a), 405(c), 405(d), 408, 414, 417, 451(c), 502(a), 502(b), 514, 523(d), and 536 [sections 1922, 1925(a), 1925(c), 1925(d), 1928, 1934, 1937, 1951(c), 1754(a), (b), 1766, 1783(d) and 1796 of this title]);
“(3) section 12 of the Mutual Security Act of 1955 [formerly set out as a note under section 1811 of this title];
“(4) sections 12, 13, and 14 of the Mutual Security Act of 1956 [section 1870 of this title and notes formerly set out under sections 1753 and 1939 of this title];
“(5) section 503 of the Mutual Security Act of 1958 [section 1750a of this title];
“(6) section 108 of the Mutual Security Appropriation Act, 1959 [formerly set out as a note under section 1922 of this title];
“(7) section 501(a), chapter VI, and sections 702 and 703 of the Mutual Security Act of 1959, as amended [sections 1941, and 2051 to 2053 of this title and notes formerly set out under sections 1928b and 1951 of this title]; and
“(8) section 604 and chapter VII of the Mutual Security Act of 1960 [sections 2071 and 2072 of this title and note formerly set out under section 1783 of this title].
“(b) References in law to the Acts, or provisions of such Acts, repealed by subsection (a) of this section shall hereafter be deemed to be references to this Act [see Short Title note for the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 above] or appropriate provisions of this Act.
“(c) The repeal of the Acts listed in subsection (a) of this section shall not be deemed to affect amendments contained in such Acts to Acts not named in that subsection.”
United States Agency for International Development Deemed Agency Primarily Responsible for Administering This Subchapter
Any reference in this chapter to the agency primarily responsible for administering this subchapter, or to the Administrator of such agency, deemed reference to the United States Agency for International Development or to the Administrator of that agency, as appropriate, see section 1–200(a) of Ex. Ord. No. 12163, Sept. 29, 1979, 44 F.R. 56673, as amended, set out as a note under section 2381 of this title.
Western Hemisphere PartnershipPub. L. 118–159, div. E, title LI, subtitle B, Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2422, provided that:
Coordinator for Afghan Relocation EffortsPub. L. 118–159, div. G, title LXXVIII, § 7810, Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2563, provided that:
“(a) Establishment of Coordinator.—The Secretary [of State] shall appoint a Coordinator for Afghan Relocation Efforts (in this section referred to as the ‘Coordinator’), who shall be responsible for—“(1) relocating and resettling eligible Afghan allies and facilitating the departure of United States citizens and lawful permanent residents who request United States assistance to leave Afghanistan; and
“(2) working with other offices of the Department [of State], as well as with appropriate counterparts at other Federal departments and agencies, to ensure integrated United States support for such relocation efforts.
“(b) Authorities.—The Coordinator is authorized—“(1) to enter into personal services contracts for a period ending not later than the date described in subsection (e);
“(2) to extend and maintain through such date personal services contracts entered into pursuant to the authority provided by section 2401 of the Afghanistan Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2022 (Public Law 117–43) [135 Stat. 375];
“(3) to hire temporary personnel who are United States citizens, except that to the extent possible the Coordinator should use Foreign Service limited appointments to fill such positions both in the United States and abroad in accordance with section 309 of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 (22 U.S.C. 3949); and
“(4) subject to the availability of appropriations—“(A) to accept, in the form of reimbursement or transfer, amounts from other Federal departments or agencies as appropriate to carry out the duties described in subsection (a); and
“(B) to reimburse such other departments or agencies as the Coordinator may determine appropriate to carry out such duties.
“(c) Detailees and Assignees.—Any Federal Government employee may be detailed or assigned to the Office of the Coordinator, with or without reimbursement, consistent with applicable laws and regulations regarding such employee, and such detail or assignment shall be without interruption or loss of status or privilege.
“(d) Notification With Respect to Transfers of Funds.—The Coordinator shall notify the appropriate congressional committees [Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives] and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives of each use of the transfer authority made available under subsection (b)(4)(A) not later than 15 days before the completion of such transfer.
“(e) Sunset.—This section and the authorities provided by this section shall terminate on the date that is 3 years after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 2024].”
United States-Ecuador PartnershipPub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LV, subtitle B, Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3335, provided that:
Statement of Policy on Engaging With NigerPub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LV, § 5597(a), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3396, provided that:
“It is the policy of the United States to—
“(1) continue to support Niger’s efforts to advance democracy, good governance, human rights, and regional security within its borders through bilateral assistance and multilateral initiatives;
“(2) enhance engagement and cooperation with the Nigerien Government at all levels as a key component of stabilizing the Sahel, where frequent coups and other anti-democratic movements, food insecurity, violent extremism, and armed conflict threaten to further weaken governments throughout the region; and
“(3) work closely with partners and allies throughout the international community to elevate Niger, which experienced its first democratic transition of power in 2021, as an example of transitioning from longstanding military governance and a cycle of coups to a democratic, civilian-led form of government.”
Statement of Policy on Partnering with West African GovernmentsPub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LV, § 5599A(a), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3399, provided that: “It is the policy of the United States to partner with West African governments where possible to mitigate and counter growing regional insecurity resulting from the spread of armed conflict and terrorism, including by providing assistance to train, equip, and mentor West African security services to counter threats to regional and national security through a whole-of-government approach.”
Assistance for Innocent Victims of ConflictPub. L. 117–103, div. K, title VII, § 7056, Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 669, provided that: “Not later than 90 days after enactment of this Act [Mar. 15, 2022], the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall establish a fund, which shall be referred to as the ‘Marla Ruzicka Fund for Innocent Victims of Conflict’ (the ‘Marla Fund’), to provide assistance to civilians harmed as a result of military operations in Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria, and Yemen: Provided, That of the funds appropriated under title III of this Act [title III of div. K of Pub. L. 117–103, 136 Stat. 575], not less than $10,000,000 shall be made available for the Marla Fund: Provided further, That the USAID [United States Agency for International Development] Administrator shall consult with the Committees on Appropriations not later than 60 days after enactment of this Act regarding the establishment and implementation of the Marla Fund.”
Haiti Development, Accountability, and Institutional Transparency InitiativePub. L. 117–103, div. V, §§ 102–106, 110, Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 834–836, 840, provided that:
Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership ProgramPub. L. 117–103, div. AA, Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 1063, provided that:
[Functions and authorities of President under section 104(b) of div. AA of Pub. L. 117–103, set out above, with respect to the Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership Program; section 104(d), with respect to the comprehensive 5-year strategies for the Sahel-Maghreb and the Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership Program counterterrorism efforts; and section 104(f), with respect to submitting the reports, delegated to Secretary of State by Memorandum of President of the United States, Aug. 12, 2022, 87 F.R. 51235.]
Joint Cooperative Program Related to Innovation and High-Tech for the Middle East RegionPub. L. 116–283, div. A, title XII, § 1279, Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3981, provided that:
“(a) Sense of Congress.—It is the sense of Congress that—“(1) the United States should help foster cooperation in the Middle East region by financing and, as appropriate, cooperating in projects related to innovation and advanced technologies; and
“(2) projects referred to in paragraph (1) should—“(A) contribute to development and the quality of life in the Middle East region through the application of research and advanced technology; and
“(B) contribute to Arab-Israeli cooperation by establishing strong working relationships that last beyond the life of such projects.
“(b) Establishment.—The Secretary of State, acting through the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, is authorized to seek to establish a program between the United States and appropriate regional partners to provide for cooperation in the Middle East region by supporting projects related to innovation and advanced technologies.
“(c) Project Requirements.—Each project carried out under the program established pursuant to subsection (b)—“(1) shall include the participation of at least one entity from Israel and one entity from another regional partner; and
“(2) shall be conducted in a manner that appropriately protects sensitive information, intellectual property, the national security interests of the United States, and the national security interests of Israel.”
Statement of Policy Relating to the Conflict in YemenPub. L. 117–81, div. A, title XIII, § 1340(a), Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 2016, provided that:
“It is the policy of the United States—
“(1) to continue to support and further efforts to bring an end to the conflict in Yemen;
“(2) to support efforts so that United States defense articles and services are not used for military operations resulting in civilian casualties; and
“(3) to work with allies and partners to address the ongoing humanitarian needs of Yemeni civilians.”
Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title XII, § 1295(a), Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3994, provided that:
“It is the policy of the United States—
“(1) to protect United States citizens and strategic interests in the Middle East region;
“(2) to support United Nations-led efforts to end violence in Yemen and secure a comprehensive political settlement to the conflict in Yemen that results in protection of civilians and civilian infrastructure and alleviates the humanitarian crisis including by facilitating unfettered access for all Yemenis to food, fuel, and medicine;
“(3) to encourage all parties to the conflict in Yemen to participate in good faith in the United Nations-led process and to uphold interim agreements as part of that process to end the conflict, leading to reconstruction in Yemen;
“(4) to support United States allies and partners in defending their borders and territories in order to maintain stability and security in the Middle East region and encourage burden sharing among such allies and partners;
“(5) to assist United States allies and partners in countering destabilization of the Middle East region;
“(6) to oppose Iranian arms transfers in violation of United Nations Security Council resolutions, including transfers to the Houthis;
“(7) to encourage the Government of Saudi Arabia and the Government of the United Arab Emirates to assist significantly in the economic stabilization and eventual reconstruction of Yemen; and
“(8) to encourage all parties to the conflict to comply with the law of armed conflict, including to investigate credible allegations of war crimes and provide redress to civilian victims.”
Ending Neglected Tropical DiseasesPub. L. 116–94, div. J, title III, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 3055, provided that:
References to Tropical Forest Conservation Act of 1998Pub. L. 115–440, § 2(b), Jan. 14, 2019, 132 Stat. 5580, provided that: “Any reference in any other provision of law, regulation, document, paper, or other record of the United States to the ‘Tropical Forest Conservation Act of 1998’ shall be deemed to be a reference to the ‘Tropical Forest and Coral Reef Conservation Act of 1998’.”
United States–Caribbean Strategic EngagementPub. L. 114–291, Dec. 16, 2016, 130 Stat. 1497, provided that:
Support to Certain Governments for Border Security OperationsPub. L. 114–92, div. A, title XII, § 1226, Nov. 25, 2015, 129 Stat. 1056, as amended by Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title XII, § 1294, Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2561; Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title XII, § 1279F, Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1704; Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title XII, § 1213, Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 2025; Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title XII, § 1210, Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3915; Pub. L. 117–263, div. A, title XII, § 1207, Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 2831; Pub. L. 118–31, div. A, title XII, § 1207, Dec. 22, 2023, 137 Stat. 448; Pub. L. 119–60, div. A, title XII, § 1225, Dec. 18, 2025, 139 Stat. 1091, provided that:
“(a) Authority to Provide Support.—“(1) In general.—The Secretary of Defense, with the concurrence of the Secretary of State, is authorized to provide support on a reimbursement basis as follows:“(A) To the Government of Jordan for purposes of supporting and enhancing efforts of the armed forces of Jordan to increase security and sustain increased security along the border of Jordan with Syria and Iraq.
“(B) To the Government of Lebanon for purposes of supporting and enhancing efforts of the armed forces of Lebanon to increase security and sustain increased security along the border of Lebanon with any other country.
“(C) To the Government of Egypt for purposes of supporting and enhancing efforts of the armed forces of Egypt to increase security and sustain increased security along the border of Egypt with Libya and along the border of Egypt with Sudan.
“(D) To the Government of Tunisia for purposes of supporting and enhancing efforts of the armed forces of Tunisia to increase security and sustain increased security along the border of Tunisia with Libya.
“(E) To the Government of Oman for purposes of supporting and enhancing efforts of the armed forces of Oman to increase security and sustain increased security along the border of Oman with Yemen.
“(F) To the Government of Pakistan for purposes of supporting and enhancing efforts of the armed forces of Pakistan to increase security and sustain increased security along the border of Pakistan with Afghanistan.
“(G) To the Government of Tajikistan for purposes of supporting and enhancing efforts of the armed forces of Tajikistan to increase security and sustain increased security along the border of Tajikistan and Afghanistan.
“(H) To the Government of Uzbekistan for purposes of supporting and enhancing efforts of the armed forces of Uzbekistan to increase security and sustain increased security along the border of Uzbekistan and Afghanistan.
“(I) To the Government of Turkmenistan for purposes of supporting and enhancing efforts of the armed forces of Turkmenistan to increase security and sustain increased security along the border of Turkmenistan and Afghanistan.
“(2) Frequency.—Support may be provided under this subsection on a quarterly basis.
“(b) Funds Available for Support.—Amounts to provide support under the authority of subsection (a) may be derived only from amounts authorized to be appropriated and available for operation and maintenance, Defense-wide.
“(c) Limitations.—“(1) Limitation on amount.—The total amount of support provided under the authority of subsection (a) may not exceed $150,000,000 for any country specified in subsection (a) in any fiscal year.
“(2) Support to the government of lebanon.—Support provided under the authority of subsection (a) to the Government of Lebanon may be used only for the armed forces of Lebanon, and may not be used for or to reimburse Hezbollah or any forces other than the armed forces of Lebanon. Such support may be used only to promote the ability of the armed forces of Lebanon to counter the threat posed by Lebanese Hezbollah and any other terrorist organization that threatens the security of Lebanon and its neighbors.
“(3) Prohibition on contractual obligations.—The Secretary of Defense may not enter into any contractual obligation to provide support under the authority of subsection (a).
“(4) Determination required.—The Secretary of Defense may not provide support to a country specified in subsection (a) if the Secretary determines that the government of such country fails to increase security and sustain increased security along the border of the country as specified in subsection (a)(1).
“(d) Notice and Certification Before Exercise.—Not later than 15 days before providing support under the authority of subsection (a) to a country that has not previously received such support, the Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the Secretary of State, shall submit to the specified congressional committees a report that—“(1) sets forth a full description of the support to be provided, including—“(A) the purpose of such support;
“(B) the amount of support to be provided; and
“(C) the anticipated duration of the provision of such support; and
“(2) includes a certification that—“(A) the recipient country has taken demonstrable steps to increase security along the border specified for such country in subsection (a); and
“(B) the provision of such support is in the interest of United States national security.
“(e) Limitation on Reimbursement of Pakistan Pending Certification.—No amount of reimbursement support under subsection (a)(1)(F) is authorized to be disbursed to the Government of Pakistan unless the Secretary of Defense certifies to the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives] that the following conditions are met:“(1) The military and security operations of Pakistan pertaining to border security and ancillary activities for which reimbursement is sought have been coordinated with United States military representatives in advance of the execution of such operations and activities.
“(2) The goals and desired outcomes of each such operation or activity have been established and agreed upon in advance by the United States and Pakistan.
“(3) A process exists to verify the achievement of the goals and desired outcomes established in accordance with paragraph (2).
“(f) Quarterly Reports.—Not later than 30 days after the end of each fiscal quarter, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the specified congressional committees a report on reimbursements pursuant to subsection (a) during the preceding fiscal quarter that includes—“(1) an identification of each country reimbursed;
“(2) the date of each reimbursement;
“(3) a description of any partner nation border security efforts for which reimbursement was provided;
“(4) an assessment of the value of partner nation border security efforts for which reimbursement was provided;
“(5) the total amounts of reimbursement provided to each partner nation in the preceding four fiscal quarters; and
“(6) such other matters as the Secretary considers appropriate.
“(g) Specified Congressional Committees.—In the section, the term ‘specified congressional committees’ means—“(1) the congressional defense committees; and
“(2) the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives.
“(h) Expiration of Authority.—No support may be provided under the authority of subsection (a) after December 31, 2026.”
Girls CountPub. L. 114–24, June 12, 2015, 129 Stat. 314, established the Girls Count Act of 2015, which stated the policy of the United States regarding birth certifications and registries and authorized Secretary of State and Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development to provide assistance to support counting of girls in the developing world, and provided that the Act would expire five years after June 12, 2015.
Military-to-Military Engagement With the Government of BurmaPub. L. 113–291, div. A, title XII, § 1253, Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3571, provided that:
“(a) Authorization.—The Department of Defense is authorized to provide the Government of Burma the following:“(1) Consultation, education, and training on human rights, the laws of armed conflict, civilian control of the military, rule of law, and other legal matters.
“(2) Consultation, education, and training on English-language, humanitarian and disaster relief, and improvements to medical and health standards.
“(3) Courses or workshops on defense institution reform.
“(4) Observer status to bilateral or multilateral humanitarian assistance and disaster relief exercises.
“(5) Aid or support in the event of a humanitarian crisis or natural disaster.
“(b) Annual Reports.—“(1) In general.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 2014], and each March 1 thereafter, the Secretary of Defense shall, in consultation with the Secretary of State, submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a report on military-to-military engagement between the United States Armed Forces and the Burmese military.
“(2) Elements.—Each report under paragraph (1) shall include the following:“(A) A description of the military-to-military activities between the United States and Burma, and how engagement with the Burmese military supports the United States national security strategy and promotes reform in Burma.
“(B) A description of the objectives of the United States for developing the military-to-military relationship with the Burmese military, how the United States measures progress toward such objectives, and the implications of failing to achieve such objectives.
“(C) A description and assessment of the political, military, economic, and civil society reforms being undertaken by the Government of Burma, including those affecting—“(i) individual freedoms and human rights of the Burmese people, including those of ethnic and religious minorities and internally displaced populations;
“(ii) the peaceful settlement of armed conflicts between the Government of Burma and ethnic minority groups in Burma;
“(iii) civilian control of the armed forces;
“(iv) constitutional and electoral reforms;
“(v) access for the purposes of human rights monitoring and humanitarian assistance to all areas in Burma, and cooperation with civilian authorities to investigate and resolve cases of human rights violations;
“(vi) governmental transparency and accountability; and
“(vii) respect for the laws of armed conflict and human rights, including with respect to child soldiers.
“(D) A description and assessment of relationships of the Government of Burma with unlawful or sanctioned entities.
“(3) Form.—Each report under this subsection shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex.
“(4) Sunset.—The requirement to submit additional reports under this subsection shall terminate at the end of the 5-year period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 2014].
“(c) Rule of Construction.—No Department of Defense assistance to the Government of Burma is authorized by this Act [Pub. L. 113–291, see Tables for classification] except as provided in this section.
“(d) Appropriate Committees of Congress Defined.—In this section, the term ‘appropriate committees of Congress’ means—“(1) the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Foreign Relations, and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; and
“(2) the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives.”
Assessing Progress in HaitiPub. L. 113–162, Aug. 8, 2014, 128 Stat. 1858, known as the Assessing Progress in Haiti Act of 2014, was repealed by Pub. L. 117–103, div. V, § 109, Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 840.
United States Security and Assistance Strategies in AfricaPub. L. 113–66, div. A, title XII, § 1206, Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 899, required (1) the Secretary of Defense, in coordination with the Secretary of State, to develop a strategic framework for United States counterterrorism assistance and cooperation in the Sahel and Maghreb regions of Africa, and submit a report to Congress not later than 180 days after Dec. 26, 2013; (2) the President to submit a strategy to support consolidation of security and governance gains in Somalia to Congress not later than 180 days after Dec. 26, 2013; (3) the Director of National Intelligence to submit a classified intelligence assessment of al-Shabaab to Congress not later than 90 days after Dec. 26, 2013; and (4) the President to designate a Government official for Africa export policy not later than 60 days after Dec. 26, 2013, and for the following three years, designate an existing senior United States Government official with existing interagency authority for export policy for Africa to coordinate among various United States Government agencies existing export strategies with the goal of significantly increasing United States exports to Africa in real dollar value.
Assistance to the Government of Jordan for Border Security OperationsPub. L. 113–66, div. A, title XII, § 1207, Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 902, provided for assistance to the Government of Jordan for border security operations, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title XII, § 1241(d)(5)(B)(ii), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2504, effective 270 days after Dec. 23, 2016.
Support of Foreign Forces Participating in Operations To Disarm the Lord’s Resistance ArmyPub. L. 113–66, div. A, title XII, § 1208(a)–(f), Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 903, 904, provided for support of foreign forces participating in operations to disarm the Lord’s Resistance Army and expired on Sept. 30, 2017.
Reports on Responsibility Within Department of State and the United States Agency for International Development for Contract Support for Overseas Contingency OperationsPub. L. 112–239, div. A, title VIII, § 850, Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1854, provided that:
“(a) DoS and USAID Reports Required.—Not later than six months after the date of the enactment of this Act [Jan. 2, 2013], the Secretary of State and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall, in consultation with the Chief Acquisition Officer of the Department of State and the Chief Acquisition Officer of the United States Agency for International Development, respectively, each submit to the appropriate committees of Congress an assessment of Department of State and United States Agency for International Development policies governing contract support in overseas contingency operations.
“(b) Elements.—Each report under subsection (a) shall include the following:“(1) A description and assessment of the roles and responsibilities of the officials, offices, and components of the Department of State or the United States Agency for International Development, as applicable, within the chain of authority and responsibility for policy, planning, and execution of contract support for overseas contingency operations.
“(2) Procedures and processes of the Department or Agency, as applicable, on the following in connection with contract support for overseas contingency operations:“(A) Collection, inventory, and reporting of data.
“(B) Acquisition planning.
“(C) Solicitation and award of contracts.
“(D) Requirements development and management.
“(E) Contract tracking and oversight.
“(F) Performance evaluations.
“(G) Risk management.
“(H) Interagency coordination and transition planning.
“(3) Strategies and improvements necessary for the Department or the Agency, as applicable, to address reliance on contractors, workforce planning, and the recruitment and training of acquisition workforce personnel, including the anticipated number of personnel needed to perform acquisition management and oversight functions and plans for achieving personnel staffing goals, in connection with overseas contingency operations.
“(c) Comptroller General Report.—Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Jan. 2, 2013], the Comptroller General of the United States shall submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a report on the progress of the efforts of the Department of State and the United States Agency for International Development in implementing improvements and changes identified under paragraphs (1) through (3) of subsection (b) in the reports required by subsection (a), together with such additional information as the Comptroller General considers appropriate to further inform such committees on issues relating to the reports required by subsection (a).
“(d) Appropriate Committees of Congress Defined.—In this section, the term ‘appropriate committees of Congress’ means—“(1) the Committee on Foreign Relations, the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; and
“(2) the Committee on Foreign Affairs, the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform [now Committee on Oversight and Accountability], and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives.”
Global Security Contingency FundPub. L. 112–81, div. A, title XII, § 1207, Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1625, as amended by Pub. L. 113–66, div. A, title XII, § 1202, Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 893; Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title XII, § 1201, Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3529; Pub. L. 115–91, div. A, title X, § 1051(q)(2), title XII, § 1206, Dec. 12, 2017, 131 Stat. 1565, 1645; Pub. L. 116–92, div. A, title XII, § 1209, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 1624, established the Global Security Contingency Fund (the Fund) that would be available to either the Secretary of State or the Secretary of Defense to enhance the capabilities of a country’s national military forces, or other national security forces that conduct border and maritime security, internal defense, and counterterrorism operations and to carry out rule of law programs and stabilization efforts. Such assistance could include equipment, supplies, small-scale construction, and training. The amounts in the Fund would remain available until Sept. 30, 2021, except for amounts appropriated or transferred to the Fund for activities under programs commenced before Sept. 30, 2019.
Lord’s Resistance Army Disarmament and Northern Uganda RecoveryPub. L. 112–81, div. A, title XII, § 1206, Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1624, which related to logistic support, supplies, and services for foreign forces in operations against the Lord’s Resistance Army, was repealed by Pub. L. 113–66, div. A, title XII, § 1208(g), Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 904.
Pub. L. 111–172, May 24, 2010, 124 Stat. 1209, provided that:
Strategy for United States-Led Provincial Reconstruction Teams in IraqPub. L. 110–417, [div. A], title XII, § 1213, Oct. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 4629, provided that:
“(a) In General.—The President shall establish and implement a strategy for United States-led Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs), including embedded PRTs and Provincial Support Teams, in Iraq that ensures that such United States-led PRTs are—“(1) supporting the operational and strategic goals of the Multi-National Force–Iraq; and
“(2) developing the capacity of national, provincial, and local government and other civil institutions in Iraq to assume increasing responsibility for the formulation, implementation, and oversight of reconstruction and development activities.
“(b) Elements of Strategy.—At a minimum, the strategy required under subsection (a) shall include—“(1) a mission statement and clearly defined objectives for United States-led PRTs as a whole;
“(2) a mission statement and clearly defined objectives for each United States-led PRT; and
“(3) measures of effectiveness and performance indicators for meeting the objectives of each United States-led PRT as described in paragraph (2).
“(c) Report.—“(1) In general.—Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 14, 2008], and every 90 days thereafter through the end of fiscal year 2010, the President shall transmit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on the implementation of the strategy required under subsection (a), including an assessment of the specific contributions United States-led PRTs are making to implement the strategy. The initial report required under this subsection should include a general description of the strategy required under subsection (a) and a general discussion of the elements of the strategy required under subsection (b).
“(2) Inclusion in other report.—The report required under this subsection may be included in the report required by section 1227 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2006 (Public Law 109–163; 119 Stat. 3465 [50 U.S.C. 1541 note]).
“(d) Appropriate Congressional Committees Defined.—In this section, the term ‘appropriate congressional committees’ means—“(1) the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Appropriations, and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives; and
“(2) the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Appropriations, and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate.”
Middle East FoundationPub. L. 110–53, title XX, § 2021, Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 513, provided that:
“(a) Purposes.—The purposes of this section are to support, through the provision of grants, technical assistance, training, and other programs, in the countries of the broader Middle East region, the expansion of—“(1) civil society;
“(2) opportunities for political participation for all citizens;
“(3) protections for internationally recognized human rights, including the rights of women;
“(4) educational system reforms;
“(5) independent media;
“(6) policies that promote economic opportunities for citizens;
“(7) the rule of law; and
“(8) democratic processes of government.
“(b) Middle East Foundation.—“(1) Designation.—The Secretary of State is authorized to designate an appropriate private, nonprofit organization that is organized or incorporated under the laws of the United States or of a State as the Middle East Foundation (referred to in this section as the ‘Foundation’).
“(2) Funding.—“(A) Authority.—The Secretary of State is authorized to provide funding to the Foundation through the Middle East Partnership Initiative of the Department of State. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Foundation shall use amounts provided under this paragraph to carry out the purposes specified in subsection (a), including through making grants, using such funds as an endowment, and providing other assistance to entities to carry out programs for such purposes.
“(B) Funding from other sources.—In determining the amount of funding to provide to the Foundation, the Secretary of State shall take into consideration the amount of funds that the Foundation has received from sources other than the United States Government.
“(3) Notification to congressional committees.—The Secretary of State shall notify the appropriate congressional committees of the designation of an appropriate organization as the Foundation.
“(c) Grants for Projects.—“(1) Foundation to make grants.—The Secretary of State shall enter into an agreement with the Foundation that requires the Foundation to use the funds provided under subsection (b)(2) to make grants to persons or entities (other than governments or government entities) located in the broader Middle East region or working with local partners based in the broader Middle East region to carry out projects that support the purposes specified in subsection (a).
“(2) Center for public policy.—Under the agreement described in paragraph (1), the Foundation may make a grant to an institution of higher education located in the broader Middle East region to create a center for public policy for the purpose of permitting scholars and professionals from the countries of the broader Middle East region and from other countries, including the United States, to carry out research, training programs, and other activities to inform public policymaking in the broader Middle East region and to promote broad economic, social, and political reform for the people of the broader Middle East region.
“(3) Applications for grants.—An entity seeking a grant from the Foundation under this section shall submit an application to the head of the Foundation at such time, in such manner, and containing such information as the head of the Foundation may reasonably require.
“(d) Private Character of the Foundation.—Nothing in this section shall be construed to—“(1) make the Foundation an agency or establishment of the United States Government, or to make the officers or employees of the Foundation officers or employees of the United States for purposes of title 5, United States Code; or
“(2) impose any restriction on the Foundation’s acceptance of funds from private and public sources in support of its activities consistent with the purposes specified in subsection (a).
“(e) Limitation on Payments to Foundation Personnel.—No part of the funds provided to the Foundation under this section shall inure to the benefit of any officer or employee of the Foundation, except as salary or reasonable compensation for services.
“(f) Retention of Interest.—The Foundation may hold funds provided under this section in interest-bearing accounts prior to the disbursement of such funds to carry out the purposes specified in subsection (a), and may retain for such purposes any interest earned without returning such interest to the Treasury of the United States. The Foundation may retain and use such funds as an endowment to carry out the purposes specified in subsection (a).
“(g) Financial Accountability.—“(1) Independent private audits of the foundation.—The accounts of the Foundation shall be audited annually in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards by independent certified public accountants or independent licensed public accountants certified or licensed by a regulatory authority of a State or other political subdivision of the United States. The report of the independent audit shall be included in the annual report required by subsection (h).
“(2) GAO audits.—The financial transactions undertaken pursuant to this section by the Foundation may be audited by the Government Accountability Office in accordance with such principles and procedures and under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the Comptroller General of the United States.
“(3) Audits of grant recipients.—“(A) In general.—A recipient of a grant from the Foundation shall agree to permit an audit of the books and records of such recipient related to the use of the grant funds.
“(B) Recordkeeping.—Such recipient shall maintain appropriate books and records to facilitate an audit referred to in subparagraph (A), including—“(i) separate accounts with respect to the grant funds;
“(ii) records that fully disclose the use of the grant funds;
“(iii) records describing the total cost of any project carried out using grant funds; and
“(iv) the amount and nature of any funds received from other sources that were combined with the grant funds to carry out a project.
“(h) Annual Reports.—Not later than January 31, 2008, and annually thereafter, the Foundation shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees and make available to the public a report that includes, for the fiscal year prior to the fiscal year in which the report is submitted, a comprehensive and detailed description of—“(1) the operations and activities of the Foundation that were carried out using funds provided under this section;
“(2) grants made by the Foundation to other entities with funds provided under this section;
“(3) other activities of the Foundation to further the purposes specified in subsection (a); and
“(4) the financial condition of the Foundation.
“(i) Broader Middle East Region Defined.—In this section, the term ‘broader Middle East region’ means Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, West Bank and Gaza, and Yemen.
“(j) Repeal.—Section 534(k) of Public Law 109–102 [119 Stat. 2210] is repealed.”
[For definition of “appropriate congressional committees” as used in section 2021 of Pub. L. 110–53, set out above, see section 2002 of Pub. L. 110–53, set out below.]
Democratic Republic of the Congo Relief, Security, and Democracy PromotionPub. L. 109–456, Dec. 22, 2006, 120 Stat. 3384, provided that:
Promotion of Democracy for IranPub. L. 109–293, title III, Sept. 30, 2006, 120 Stat. 1347, provided that:
Syria Accountability and Lebanese Sovereignty RestorationPub. L. 108–175, Dec. 12, 2003, 117 Stat. 2482, provided that:
[For delegation of functions of President under section 5(b) of Pub. L. 108–175, set out above, see section 9 of Ex. Ord. No. 13338, May 11, 2004, 69 F.R. 26751, listed in a table under section 1701 of Title 50, War and National Defense.]
Iraq Relief and Reconstruction FundPub. L. 109–234, title I, § 1302(a), June 15, 2006, 120 Stat. 435, provided in part: “That notwithstanding section 2207(d) of Public Law 108–106 [set out below], requirements of section 2207 of Public Law 108–106 shall expire on October 1, 2008.”
Pub. L. 108–106, title II, §§ 2207, 2208, Nov. 6, 2003, 117 Stat. 1231, as amended by section 574(a) of H.R. 4818, One Hundred Eighth Congress, as passed by the House of Representatives on July 15, 2004, and as enacted into law by Pub. L. 108–309, § 135, Sept. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 1143, provided that:
Reports on Iraqi Oil Production and RevenuesPub. L. 108–106, title II, § 2215(a), Nov. 6, 2003, 117 Stat. 1232, required the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq to report, not later than 30 days after Nov. 6, 2003, and on a monthly basis until Sept. 30, 2006, Iraqi oil production and oil revenues, and uses of such revenues.
Reports on United States Strategy for Relief and Reconstruction in IraqPub. L. 108–11, title I, § 1506, Apr. 16, 2003, 117 Stat. 580, required the President to submit (1) not later than 45 days after Apr. 16, 2003, an initial report on United States strategy regarding post-conflict security, humanitarian assistance, governance, and reconstruction in Iraq undertaken as a result of Operation Iraqi Freedom, and (2) not later than 90 days after Apr. 16, 2003, and every 90 days thereafter until Sept. 30, 2004, subsequent reports related to reconstruction in Iraq.
Community-Based Police Assistance for Jamaica and El SalvadorPub. L. 108–7, div. E, title V, § 582, Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 214, provided that:
“(a) Authority.—Funds made available to carry out the provisions of chapter 1 of part I [22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.] and chapter 4 of part II [22 U.S.C. 2346 et seq.] of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, may be used, notwithstanding section 660 of that Act [22 U.S.C. 2420], to enhance the effectiveness and accountability of civilian police authority in Jamaica and El Salvador through training and technical assistance in human rights, the rule of law, strategic planning, and through assistance to foster civilian police roles that support democratic governance including assistance for programs to prevent conflict and foster improved police relations with the communities they serve.
“(b) Report.—“(1) The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall submit, at the time of submission of the agency’s Congressional Budget Justification Document for fiscal year 2004, and annually thereafter, a report to the Committees on Appropriations describing the progress these programs are making toward improving police relations with the communities they serve and institutionalizing an effective community-based police program.
“(2) The requirements of paragraph (1) are in lieu of the requirements contains [sic] in section 587(b) of Public Law 107–115 [see Similar Provisions note below].
“(c) Notification.—Assistance provided under subsection (a) shall be subject to the regular notification procedures of the Committees on Appropriations.”
Provisions similar to section 582(a), (c) of div. E of Pub. L. 108–7 were contained in the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2006, Pub. L. 109–102, title V, § 564, Nov. 14, 2005, 119 Stat. 2225, and were repeated in provisions of subsequent appropriations acts which are not set out in the Code. Similar provisions were also contained in the following prior appropriations acts:
Pub. L. 108–447, div. D, title V, § 564, Dec. 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 3022.
Pub. L. 108–199, div. D, title V, § 573, Jan. 23, 2004, 118 Stat. 199.
Pub. L. 107–115, title V, § 587, Jan. 10, 2002, 115 Stat. 2173.
Assistance for ZimbabwePub. L. 107–99, Dec. 21, 2001, 115 Stat. 962, as amended by Pub. L. 115–231, §§ 2–4, 6–8, Aug. 8, 2018, 132 Stat. 1632, 1634, provided that:
Provisions similar to those contained in section 4(c) of Pub. L. 107–99, set out above, were contained in the following appropriation acts:
Pub. L. 118–47, div. F, title VII, § 7042(j)(1), Mar. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 810.
Pub. L. 117–328, div. K, title VII, § 7042(i)(1), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5051.
Pub. L. 117–103, div. K, title VII, § 7042(j)(1), Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 644.
Pub. L. 116–260, div. K, title VII, § 7042(k)(1), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 1772.
Pub. L. 116–94, div. G, title VII, § 7042(j)(1), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2893.
Pub. L. 116–6, div. F, title VII, § 7042(h)(1), Feb. 15, 2019, 133 Stat. 344.
Pub. L. 115–141, div. K, title VII, § 7042(j)(1), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 915.
Pub. L. 115–31, div. J, title VII, § 7042(k)(1), May 5, 2017, 131 Stat. 671.
Pub. L. 114–113, div. K, title VII, § 7042(k)(1), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2783.
Pub. L. 113–235, div. J, title VII, § 7042(m)(1), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2644.
Pub. L. 113–76, div. K, title VII, § 7042(n)(1), Jan. 17, 2014, 128 Stat. 532.
Pub. L. 112–74, div. I, title VII, § 7043(j)(1), Dec. 23, 2011, 125 Stat. 1230.
Pub. L. 111–117, div. F, title VII, § 7070(i)(1), Dec. 16, 2009, 123 Stat. 3388.
Pub. L. 111–8, div. H, title VII, § 7070(e)(1), Mar. 11, 2009, 123 Stat. 902.
Pub. L. 110–161, div. J, title VI, § 673, Dec. 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 2356.
Pub. L. 109–102, title V, § 572, Nov. 14, 2005, 119 Stat. 2229.
Pub. L. 108–447, div. D, title V, § 580, Dec. 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 3030.
Pub. L. 108–199, div. D, title V, § 557, Jan. 23, 2004, 118 Stat. 190.
Pub. L. 108–7, div. E, title V, § 556, Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 202.
Pub. L. 107–115, title V, § 560, Jan. 10, 2002, 115 Stat. 2162.
Report on Relations With VietnamPub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. B, title XXVIII, § 2805, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–846, as amended by Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, § 1000(a)(7) [div. A, title II, § 209(c)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–423, required the Secretary of State to submit a report, not later than 90 days after Oct. 21, 1998, and every 180 days thereafter during the period ending Sept. 30, 2001, regarding the Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam’s cooperation in providing the fullest possible accounting of all unresolved cases of prisoners of war (POWs) or persons missing-in-action (MIAs), progress toward the release of all political and religious prisoners, including clergy, and cooperation with the Orderly Departure (ODP) and Resettlement Opportunities for Vietnamese Refugees (ROVR) programs.
Iraq LiberationPub. L. 105–338, Oct. 31, 1998, 112 Stat. 3178, as amended by Pub. L. 108–11, title I, § 1309(b), Apr. 16, 2003, 117 Stat. 568, known as the “Iraq Liberation Act of 1998”, contained congressional findings regarding Iraq, stated the sense of Congress that United States policy should support efforts to remove the regime headed by Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq and to promote the emergence of a democratic government, authorized assistance to support a transition to democracy in Iraq, required Presidential designation of Iraqi democratic opposition organizations eligible to receive assistance, urged establishment of a war crimes tribunal for Iraq, stated the sense of Congress that the United States should support Iraq’s transition to democracy upon replacement of the Saddam Hussein regime, and specified that, with an exception, nothing in the Act be construed to authorize the use of United States Armed Forces to carry out the Act.
Assistance for MauritaniaPub. L. 104–319, title II, § 202, Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3866, provided that:
“(a) Prohibition.—The President should not provide economic assistance, military assistance or arms transfers to the Government of Mauritania unless the President certifies to the Congress that such Government has taken appropriate action to eliminate chattel slavery in Mauritania, including—“(1) the enactment of anti-slavery laws that provide appropriate punishment for violators of such laws; and
“(2) the rigorous enforcement of such laws.
“(b) Definitions.—For purposes of this section, the following definitions apply:“(1) Economic assistance.—The term ‘economic assistance’ means any assistance under part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.), except that such term does not include humanitarian assistance.
“(2) Military assistance or arms transfers.—The term ‘military assistance or arms transfers’ means—“(A) assistance under chapter 2 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2311 et seq.; relating to military assistance), including the transfer of excess defense articles under sections 516 through 519 of that Act (22 U.S.C. 2321j through 2321m);
“(B) assistance under chapter 5 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2347 et seq.; relating to international military education and training);
“(C) assistance under the ‘Foreign Military Financing Program’ under section 23 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2763); or
“(D) the transfer of defense articles, defense services, or design and construction services under the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.), including defense articles and defense services licensed or approved for export under section 38 of that Act (22 U.S.C. 2778).”
Authority for Anticrime AssistancePub. L. 103–447, title I, § 106, Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4694, stated policy that prevention and suppression of international criminal activities should be a priority for the United States, and, for fiscal year 1995, authorized the President to furnish assistance to any country or international organization, on such terms and conditions as he determined, for the prevention and suppression of international criminal activities.
African Conflict ResolutionPub. L. 103–381, Oct. 19, 1994, 108 Stat. 3513, provided that:
[Functions of President under sections 8 and 9 of Pub. L. 103–381, set out above, delegated to Administrator of the Agency for International Development by Memorandum of President of the United States, June 6, 1995, 60 F.R. 30771.]
Waiver of Restrictions for Narcotics-Related Economic AssistancePub. L. 104–164, title I, § 133, July 21, 1996, 110 Stat. 1430, stated terms under which narcotics-related assistance under part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.) could be provided for fiscal years 1996 and 1997.
Similar provisions were contained in the following prior acts:
Pub. L. 103–447, title I, § 105, Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4694.
Pub. L. 102–583, § 8, Nov. 2, 1992, 106 Stat. 4933, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103–447, title I, § 103(a), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4693.
“Appropriate Congressional Committees” Defined for Purposes of Pub. L. 102–583
Pub. L. 102–583, § 11(b), Nov. 2, 1992, 106 Stat. 4935, provided that as used in Pub. L. 102–583, the term “appropriate congressional committees” had the definition given that term by section 481(e)(6) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2291(e)(6)), prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103–447, title I, § 103(a), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4693.
Impact on Employment in United StatesPub. L. 102–549, title VIII, § 801, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3671, provided that: “No funds made available to carry out any provision of this Act [see Short Title of 1992 Amendments note above] or the amendments made by this Act may be obligated or expended for any financial incentive to a business enterprise currently located in the United States for the purpose of inducing such an enterprise to relocate outside the United States, if such incentive or inducement is likely to reduce the number of employees in the United States because United States production is being replaced by such enterprise outside the United States.”
Internationally Recognized Worker RightsPub. L. 102–549, title VIII, § 802, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3671, provided that: “No funds made available to carry out any provision of this Act [see Short Title of 1992 Amendments note above] or the amendments made by this Act may be obligated or expended for any project or activity that contributes to the violation of internationally recognized workers rights, as defined in section 502(a)(4) of the Trade Act of 1974 [19 U.S.C. 2462(a)(4)], of workers in the recipient country, including any designated zone in that country.”
Horn of Africa Recovery and Food SecurityPub. L. 102–274, Apr. 21, 1992, 106 Stat. 115, as amended by Pub. L. 110–246, title III, § 3001(b)(1)(A), (2)(R), June 18, 2008, 122 Stat. 1820, known as the Horn of Africa Recovery and Food Security Act, provided findings of Congress concerning the Horn of Africa (the region comprised of Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, and Djibouti), stated policy regarding individual countries, authorized a relief and rehabilitation program, provided for a peace initiative and a food security and recovery strategy, prohibited security assistance to Ethiopia, Somalia, or Sudan for fiscal year 1992 or 1993 absent a certification by the President, required the President to submit a report to Congress on the efforts and progress in carrying out Pub. L. 102–274 not later than 180 days after Apr. 21, 1992, and required additional reports.
Peace Process in LiberiaPub. L. 102–270, Apr. 16, 1992, 106 Stat. 106, as amended by Pub. L. 104–107, title V, § 573(a), Feb. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 749, provided: That (a) the Congress—
“(1) strongly supports the peace process for Liberia initiated by the Yamoussoukro peace accord;
“(2) urges all parties to abide by the terms of the Yamoussoukro agreement;
“(3) commends and congratulates the governments of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) for their leadership in seeking peace in Liberia; and
“(4) extends particularly praise to President Babangida of Nigeria, President Houphouet-Boigny of Cote d’Ivoire, and President Diouf of Senegal for their efforts to resolve this conflict.“(b) Authorization of Limited Assistance.—The President is authorized to provide—“(1) nonpartisan election and democracy-building assistance to support democratic institutions in Liberia, and
“(2) assistance for the resettlement of refugees, the demobilization and retraining of troops, and the provision of other appropriate assistance:
Provided, That the President determines and so certifies to the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives that Liberia has made significant progress toward democratization and that the provision of such assistance will assist that country in making further progress and is otherwise in the national interest of the United States. A separate determination and certification shall be required for each fiscal year in which such assistance is to be provided.”
Suspension of Certain Programs and Activities Relating to the People’s Republic of ChinaPub. L. 101–246, title IX, § 902, Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 83, as amended by Pub. L. 102–549, title II, § 202(e), Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3658, provided that:
“(a) Suspensions.—“(1) Overseas private investment corporation.—The Overseas Private Investment Corporation [now the United States International Development Finance Corporation] shall continue to suspend the issuance of any new insurance, reinsurance, guarantees, financing, or other financial support with respect to the People’s Republic of China, unless the President makes a report under subsection (b)(1) or (2) of this section.
“(2) Trade and development agency.—The President shall suspend the obligation of funds under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [see Short Title note above] for any new activities of the Trade and Development Agency with respect to the People’s Republic of China, unless the President makes a report under subsection (b)(1) or (2) of this section.
“(3) Munitions export licenses.—(A) The issuance of licenses under section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act [22 U.S.C. 2778] for the export to the People’s Republic of China of any defense article on the United States Munitions List, including helicopters and helicopter parts, shall continue to be suspended, subject to subparagraph (B), unless the President makes a report under subsection (b)(1) or (2) of this section.
“(B) The suspension set forth in subparagraph (A) shall not apply to systems and components designed specifically for inclusion in civil products and controlled as defense articles only for purposes of export to a controlled country, unless the President determines that the intended recipient of such items is the military or security forces of the People’s Republic of China.
“(4) Crime control and detection instruments and equipment.—The issuance of any license under [former] section 6(k) of the Export Administration Act of 1979 [former 50 U.S.C. 4605(k)] for the export to the People’s Republic of China of any crime control or detection instruments or equipment shall be suspended, unless the President makes a report under subsection (b)(1) or (2) of this section.
“(5) Export of satellites for launch by the people’s republic of china.—Exports of any satellite of United States origin that is intended for launch from a launch vehicle owned by the People’s Republic of China shall remain suspended, unless the President makes a report under subsection (b)(1) or (2) of this section.
“(6) Nuclear cooperation with the people’s republic of china.—(A) Any—“(i) application for a license under the Export Administration Act of 1979 [50 U.S.C. 4601 et seq.] for the export to the People’s Republic of China for use in a nuclear production or utilization facility of any goods or technology which, as determined under section 309(c) of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978 [42 U.S.C. 2139a(c)], could be of significance for nuclear explosive purposes, or which, in the judgment of the President, is likely to be diverted for use in such a facility, for any nuclear explosive device, or for research on or development of any nuclear explosive device, shall be suspended,
“(ii) application for a license for the export to the People’s Republic of China of any nuclear material, facilities, or components subject to the Agreement shall be suspended,
“(iii) approval for the transfer or retransfer to the People’s Republic of China of any nuclear material, facilities, or components subject to the Agreement shall not be given, and
“(iv) specific authorization for assistance in any activities with respect to the People’s Republic of China relating to the use of nuclear energy under section 57b.(2) of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 [42 U.S.C. 2077(b)(2)] shall not be given,
until the conditions specified in subparagraph (B) are met.
“(B) Subparagraph (A) applies until—“(i) the President certifies to the Congress that the People’s Republic of China has provided clear and unequivocal assurances to the United States that it is not assisting and will not assist any nonnuclear-weapon state, either directly or indirectly, in acquiring nuclear explosive devices or the materials and components for such devices;
“(ii) the President makes the certifications and submits the report required by Public Law 99–183 [Dec. 16, 1985, 99 Stat. 1174]; and
“(iii) the President makes a report under subsection (b)(1) or (2) of this section.
“(C) For purposes of this paragraph, the term ‘Agreement’ means the Agreement for Cooperation Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the People’s Republic of China Concerning Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy (done on July 23, 1985).
“(7) Liberalization of export controls.—(A) The President shall negotiate with the governments participating in the group known as the Coordinating Committee (COCOM) to suspend, on a multilateral basis, any liberalization by the Coordinating Committee of controls on exports of goods and technology to the People’s Republic of China under [former] section 5 of the Export Administration Act of 1979 [former 50 U.S.C. 4604], including—“(i) the implementation of bulk licenses for exports to the People’s Republic of China; and
“(ii) the raising of the performance levels of goods or technology below which no authority or permission to export to the People’s Republic of China would be required.
“(B) The President shall oppose any liberalization by the Coordinating Committee of controls which is described in subparagraph (A)(ii), until the end of the 6-month period beginning on the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 16, 1990] or until the President makes a report under subsection (b)(1) or (2) of this section, whichever occurs first.
“(b) Termination of Suspensions.—A report referred to in subsection (a) is a report by the President to the Congress either—“(1) that the Government of the People’s Republic of China has made progress on a program of political reform throughout the country, including Tibet, which includes—“(A) lifting of martial law;
“(B) halting of executions and other reprisals against individuals for the nonviolent expression of their political beliefs;
“(C) release of political prisoners;
“(D) increased respect for internationally recognized human rights, including freedom of expression, the press, assembly, and association; and
“(E) permitting a freer flow of information, including an end to the jamming of Voice of America and greater access for foreign journalists; or
“(2) that it is in the national interest of the United States to terminate a suspension under subsection (a)(1), (2), (3), (4), or (5), to terminate a suspension or disapproval under subsection (a)(6), or to terminate the opposition required by subsection (a)(7), as the case may be.
“(c) Reporting Requirement.—Sixty days after the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 16, 1990], the President shall submit to the Congress a report on—“(1) any steps taken by the Government of China to achieve the objectives described in subsection (b)(1);
“(2) the effect of multilateral sanctions on political and economic developments in China and on China’s international economic relations;
“(3) the impact of the President’s actions described in section 901(a)(9) [Pub. L. 101–246, title IX, Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 80] and of the suspensions under subsection (a) of this section on—“(A) political and economic developments in China;
“(B) the standard of living of the Chinese people;
“(C) relations between the United States and China; and
“(D) the actions taken by China to promote a settlement in Cambodia which will ensure Cambodian independence, facilitate an act of self-determination by the Cambodian people, and prevent the Khmer Rouge from returning to exclusive power;
“(4) the status of programs and activities suspended under subsection (a); and
“(5) the additional measures taken by the President under section 901(c) if repression in China deepens.”
[Certification of President under section 902(a)(6)(B)(i) of Pub. L. 101–246, set out above, provided in Determination of President of the United States, No. 98–10, Jan. 12, 1998, 63 F.R. 3447.]
Limitation on Assistance to Panamanian Defense ForcePub. L. 100–456, div. A, title XIII, § 1302, Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 2060, prohibited the President from using appropriated funds to provide assistance to the Panamanian Defense Force, with such limitation to cease to apply upon a certification of certain conditions by the President to Congress.
Codification of Policy Prohibiting Negotiations With the Palestine Liberation OrganizationPub. L. 99–83, title XIII, § 1302, Aug. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 280, as amended by Pub. L. 101–246, title I, § 108, Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 21, provided that:
“(a) United States Policy.—The United States in 1975 declared in a memorandum of agreement with Israel, and has reaffirmed since, that ‘The United States will continue to adhere to its present policy with respect to the Palestine Liberation Organization, whereby it will not recognize or negotiate with the Palestine Liberation Organization so long as the Palestine Liberation Organization does not recognize Israel’s right to exist and does not accept Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338.’.
“(b) Reaffirmation and Codification of Policy.—The United States hereby reaffirms that policy. In accordance with that policy, no officer or employee of the United States Government and no agent or other individual acting on behalf of the United States Government shall negotiate with the Palestine Liberation Organization or any representatives thereof (except in emergency or humanitarian situations) unless and until the Palestine Liberation Organization recognizes Israel’s right to exist, accepts United Nations Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338, and renounces the use of terrorism, except that no funds authorized to be appropriated by this or any other Act may be obligated or made available for the conduct of the current dialogue on the Middle East peace process with any representative of the Palestine Liberation Organization if the President knows and advises the Congress that that representative directly participated in the planning or execution of a particular terrorist activity which resulted in the death or kidnapping of a United States citizen.”
Obligation or Expenditure of Funds for Planning, etc., Mining of the Ports or Territorial Waters of NicaraguaPub. L. 98–369, div. B, title IX, § 2907, July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 1210, provided that: “It is the sense of the Congress that no funds heretofore or hereafter appropriated in any Act of Congress shall be obligated or expended for the purpose of planning, directing, executing, or supporting the mining of the ports or territorial waters of Nicaragua.”
Prohibition on Certain Assistance to the Khmer Rouge in KampucheaPub. L. 98–164, title X, § 1005, Nov. 22, 1983, 97 Stat. 1058, prohibited the obligation or expenditure of funds to promote, sustain, or augment the capacity of the Khmer Rouge or any of its members to conduct military or paramilitary operations in Kampuchea (now Cambodia) or elsewhere in Indochina.
Termination of Nonrecurring Activities Under Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 and Removal From LawPub. L. 97–113, title VII, § 734(c), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1561, provided that: “Except as otherwise explicitly provided by their terms, amendments to the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [see Short Title note above] and the Arms Export Control Act [see Short Title note set out under section 2751 of this title] which are applicable only to a single fiscal or calendar year or which require reports or other actions on a nonrecurring basis shall be deemed to have expired and shall be removed from law upon the expiration of the applicable time periods for the fulfillment of the required actions.”
Assistance for PanamaPub. L. 101–167, title V, § 561, Nov. 21, 1989, 103 Stat. 1239, prohibited United States assistance for programs, projects, or activities which would assist or lend support for the Noriega regime or ministries of government under the control of the Noriega regime, prohibited use of appropriated funds to finance any participation of the United States in joint military exercises conducted in Panama during the fiscal year 1990, and directed the Secretary of the Treasury to instruct the United States Executive Directors to the International Financial Institutions to vote against any loan to Panama unless the President had certified that certain conditions had been met.
Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriation acts:
Pub. L. 100–461, title V, § 564, Oct. 1, 1988, 102 Stat. 2268–40.
Pub. L. 100–202, § 101(e) [title V, § 570], Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1329–131, 1329–174.
Pub. L. 96–92, § 28, Oct. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 711. [Repealed by Pub. L. 97–113, title VII, § 734(a)(11), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1560.]
Final Accounting of Americans Missing in Action in VietnamPub. L. 95–426, title VII, § 705, Oct. 7, 1978, 92 Stat. 992, as amended by Pub. L. 97–241, title V, § 505(a)(2), (b)(2), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 299, provided that: “The President shall continue to take all possible steps to obtain a final accounting of all Americans missing in action in Vietnam.”
Similar provisions were contained in the following acts:
Pub. L. 95–105, title V, § 505, Aug. 17, 1977, 91 Stat. 858, as amended by Pub. L. 97–241, title V, § 505(a)(3), (b)(2), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 299.
Pub. L. 95–88, title I, § 132, Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 544, as amended by Pub. L. 97–113, title VII, § 734(a)(6), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1560.
Plan for Increased Minority Business Participation in Foreign Assistance Activities; Minority Resource Center Section as Implementing Administrative Unit; Functions, Duties, Etc., of CenterPub. L. 95–88, title I, § 133, Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 544, as amended by Pub. L. 96–53, title I, § 123, Aug. 14, 1979, 93 Stat. 366; Pub. L. 97–113, title VII, § 734(a)(6), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1560, provided that (1) the Administrator of the agency primarily responsible for administering part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.) was to prepare and transmit to the Congress, not later than 30 days after Aug. 3, 1977, a detailed plan for the establishment of a section on minority business within such agency; and (2) upon the enactment of the International Development Cooperation Act of 1979 (Aug. 14, 1979), the section on minority business so established was to be redesignated as the Minority Resource Center and was to be responsible for assisting economically and socially disadvantaged businesses.
Use of Accrued Foreign CurrenciesPub. L. 93–189, § 40, Dec. 18, 1973, 87 Stat. 736, provided that: “Effective July 1, 1974, no amount of any foreign currency (including principal and interest from loan repayments) which accrues in connection with any sale for foreign currency under any provision of law may be used under any agreement entered into after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 17, 1973], or any revision or extension entered into after such date of any prior or subsequent agreement, to provide any assistance to any foreign country to procure equipment, materials, facilities, or services for the common defense, including internal security, unless such agreement is specifically authorized by legislation enacted after such date.”
Religious Freedom and PersecutionPub. L. 88–633, pt. V, § 501, Oct. 7, 1964, 78 Stat. 1015, provided that: “It is the sense of the Congress that the United States deeply believes in the freedom of religion for all people and is opposed to infringement of this freedom anywhere in the world. The Congress condemns the persecution of any persons because of their religion. It is further the sense of Congress that all persons should be permitted the free exercise of religion and the pursuit of their culture.”
Communist Regime in ChinaPub. L. 91–194, title I, § 105, Feb. 9, 1970, 84 Stat. 7, related to Congressional opposition to the seating in the United Nations of the Communist regime in China as the representative of China, and requested the President, in the event of the seating of representatives of the Chinese Communist regime in the Security Council or the General Assembly of the United Nations, to inform the Congress of the implications of the seating upon the foreign policy of the United States. Similar provisions were contained in the following prior acts:
Oct. 17, 1968, Pub. L. 90–581, title I, § 105, 82 Stat. 1139.
Jan. 2, 1968, Pub. L. 90–249, title I, § 105, 81 Stat. 938.
Oct. 15, 1966, Pub. L. 89–691, title I, § 105, 80 Stat. 1020.
Oct. 20, 1965, Pub. L. 89–273, title I, § 105, 79 Stat. 1003.
Oct. 7, 1964, Pub. L. 88–634, title I, § 105, 78 Stat. 1017.
Jan. 6, 1964, Pub. L. 88–258, title I, § 105, 77 Stat. 858.
Oct. 23, 1962, Pub. L. 87–872, title I, § 105, 76 Stat. 1164.
Sept. 30, 1961, Pub. L. 87–329, title I, § 107, 75 Stat. 718.
Sept. 2, 1960, Pub. L. 86–704, title I, § 107, 74 Stat. 779.
Sept. 28, 1959, Pub. L. 86–383, title I, § 112, 73 Stat. 720.
Aug. 28, 1958, Pub. L. 85–853, § 105, 72 Stat. 1101.
Sept. 3, 1957, Pub. L. 85–279, § 109, 71 Stat. 604.
July 31, 1956, ch. 803, § 108, 70 Stat. 735.
July 8, 1955, ch. 301, § 12, 69 Stat. 290 (repealed by Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, § 642(a)(3), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460).
Definition of “USAID”
Pub. L. 117–103, div. K, title VII, § 7034(t)(6), Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 627, provided that: “In this Act [div. K of Pub. L. 117–103, 136 Stat. 564, see Tables for classification], the term ‘USAID’ means the United States Agency for International Development.”
Definitions
Pub. L. 110–53, title XX, § 2002, Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 508, provided that:
“In this title [see Short Title of 2007 Amendment note above], except as otherwise provided, the term ‘appropriate congressional committees’—
“(1) means—“(A) the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives; and
“(B) the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; and
“(2) includes, for purposes of subtitle D [subtitle D (§§ 2041–2043) of title XX of Pub. L. 110–53, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2375, 2656, and 7511 of this title], the Committees on Armed Services of the House of Representatives and of the Senate.”
Pub. L. 107–228, div. B, title X, § 1002, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1425, provided that:
“In this division [see Tables for classification]:
“(1) Defense article.—The term ‘defense article’ has the meaning given the term in section 47(3) of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2794 note [22 U.S.C. 2794]).
“(2) Defense service.—The term ‘defense service’ has the meaning given the term in section 47(4) of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2794 note [22 U.S.C. 2794]).
“(3) Excess defense article.—The term ‘excess defense article’ has the meaning given the term in section 644(g) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2403(g)).”
Executive Documents
Ex. Ord. No. 13595. Instituting a National Action Plan On Women, Peace, And Security
Ex. Ord. No. 13595, Dec. 19, 2011, 76 F.R. 80205, provided:
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows:
Section 1. Policy. (a) The United States recognizes that promoting women’s participation in conflict prevention, management, and resolution, as well as in post-conflict relief and recovery, advances peace, national security, economic and social development, and international cooperation.
(b) The United States recognizes the responsibility of all nations to protect their populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity, including when implemented by means of sexual violence. The United States further recognizes that sexual violence, when used or commissioned as a tactic of war or as a part of a widespread or systematic attack against civilians, can exacerbate and prolong armed conflict and impede the restoration of peace and security.
(c) It shall be the policy and practice of the executive branch of the United States to have a National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security (National Action Plan).
Sec. 2. National Action Plan. A National Action Plan shall be created pursuant to the process outlined in Presidential Policy Directive 1 and shall identify and develop activities and initiatives in the following areas:
(a) National integration and institutionalization. Through interagency coordination, policy development, enhanced professional training and education, and evaluation, the United States Government will institutionalize a gender-responsive approach to its diplomatic, development, and defense-related work in conflict-affected environments.
(b) Participation in peace processes and decisionmaking. The United States Government will improve the prospects for inclusive, just, and sustainable peace by promoting and strengthening women’s rights and effective leadership and substantive participation in peace processes, conflict prevention, peacebuilding, transitional processes, and decisionmaking institutions in conflict-affected environments.
(c) Protection from violence. The United States Government will strengthen its efforts to prevent—and protect women and children from—harm, exploitation, discrimination, and abuse, including sexual and gender-based violence and trafficking in persons, and to hold perpetrators accountable in conflict-affected environments.
(d) Conflict prevention. The United States Government will promote women’s roles in conflict prevention, improve conflict early-warning and response systems through the integration of gender perspectives, and invest in women and girls’ health, education, and economic opportunity to create conditions for stable societies and lasting peace.
(e) Access to relief and recovery. The United States Government will respond to the distinct needs of women and children in conflict-affected disasters and crises, including by providing safe, equitable access to humanitarian assistance.
Sec. 3. Responsibility of Executive Departments and Agencies. (a) Executive departments and agencies (agencies) shall maintain a current awareness of U.S. policy with regard to Women, Peace, and Security, as set out in the National Action Plan, as it is relevant to their functions, and shall perform such functions so as to respect and implement that policy fully, while retaining their established institutional roles in the implementation, interpretation, and enforcement of Federal law.
(b) The Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall each:
(i) designate one or more officers, as appropriate, as responsible for coordinating and implementing the National Action Plan;
(ii) within 150 days of the date of the release of the National Action Plan, develop and submit to the Assistant to the President and National Security Advisor an agency-specific implementation plan that will identify the actions each agency plans to take to implement the National Action Plan; and
(iii) execute their agency-specific implementation plans, and monitor and report to the Assistant to the President and National Security Advisor on such execution.
Sec. 4. Interagency Process. The Assistant to the President and National Security Advisor shall, consistent with Presidential Policy Directive 1 or any successor documents, establish an interagency process for coordinating the implementation of this order, which shall, inter alia:
(a) coordinate implementation of the National Action Plan and agency-specific implementation plans as specified in section 3(b) of this order;
(b) establish a mechanism for agencies to report progress in implementing the National Action Plan and agency-specific implementation plans, as appropriate and as specified in section 3(b), and in meeting the objectives of this order, which the Assistant to the President and National Security Advisor shall draw upon to provide an annual report to the President;
(c) coordinate a comprehensive periodic review of, and update to, the National Action Plan. The review of, and update to, the National Action Plan will be informed by consultation with relevant civil society organizations. The first review will take place in 2015; and
(d) consider and implement other revisions to the National Action Plan, as necessary.
Sec. 5. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:
(i) authority granted by law to an agency, or the head thereof; or
(ii) functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.
(b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.
(c) Independent agencies are strongly encouraged to comply with this order.
(d) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.
Barack Obama.
Ex. Ord. No. 13600. Establishing the President’s Global Development Council
Ex. Ord. No. 13600, Feb. 9, 2012, 77 F.R. 8713, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 13652, § 7, Sept. 30, 2013, 78 F.R. 61819, provided:
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows:
Section 1. Policy. To help protect national security and further American economic, humanitarian, and strategic interests in the world, it is the policy of the Federal Government to promote and elevate development as a core pillar of American power and chart a course for development, diplomacy, and defense to reinforce and complement one another. As stated in the 2010 National Security Strategy and the Presidential Policy Directive on Global Development, the successful pursuit of development is essential to advancing our national security objectives: security, prosperity, respect for universal values, and a just and sustainable international order. The effectiveness of this development policy will depend in large measure on how we engage with partners, beneficiaries of our development assistance, and stakeholders. We will use evidence-based decision-making in all areas of U.S. development policy and programs, and we commit to foster development expertise and learning worldwide.
Sec. 2. Establishment. There is established the President’s Global Development Council (Council). The Council shall be established for administrative purposes within the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) subject to the foreign policy and budgetary guidance of the Secretary of State.
Sec. 3. Membership. The membership of the Council shall be as follows:
(a) The Council shall be composed of the officials described in paragraph (b) of this section and not more than 12 individuals from outside the Federal Government appointed by the President. Appointed members of the Council may serve as representatives of a variety of sectors, including, among others, institutions of higher education, non-profit and philanthropic organizations, civil society, and private industry.
(b) The Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Defense, the USAID Administrator, the Chief Executive Officer of the Millennium Challenge Corporation, the United States Trade Representative, and the Chief Executive Officer of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation [now the United States International Development Finance Corporation] shall serve as non-voting members of the Council and may designate, to perform the Council functions of the member, a senior-level official who is part of the member’s department, agency, or office, and who is a full-time officer or employee of the Federal Government.
(c) The President shall designate a member of the Council to serve as Chair and another member to serve as Vice Chair. The Chair shall convene and preside at meetings of the Council, determine meeting agendas, and direct its work. The Vice Chair shall perform the duties of the Chair in the absence of the Chair and shall perform such other functions as the Chair may assign.
(d) The term of office of members appointed by the President from outside the Federal Government shall be 2 years, and such members shall be eligible for reappointment and may continue to serve after the expiration of their terms until the President appoints a successor. A member appointed to fill a vacancy shall serve only for the unexpired term of such vacancy.
Sec. 4. Mission and Functions. The Council shall advise and support the President, through the National Security Staff and the National Economic Council staff, in furtherance of the policy set forth in section 1 of this order. The Council shall meet regularly and shall:
(a) inform the policy and practice of U.S. global development policy and programs by providing advice to the President and other senior officials on issues including:
(i) innovative, scalable approaches to development with proven demonstrable impact, particularly on sustainable economic growth and good governance;
(ii) areas for enhanced collaboration between the Federal Government and public and private sectors to advance development policy;
(iii) best practices for and effectiveness of research and development in low and middle income economies; and
(iv) long-term solutions to issues central to strategic planning for U.S. development efforts;
(b) support new and existing public-private partnerships by:
(i) identifying key areas for enhanced collaboration and any barriers to collaboration; and
(ii) recommending concrete efforts that the private and public sectors together can take to promote economic development priorities and initiatives; and
(c) increase awareness and action in support of development by soliciting public input on current and emerging issues in the field of global development as well as bringing to the President’s attention concerns and ideas that would inform policy options.
Sec. 5. Administration of the Council. (a) The heads of executive departments and agencies shall assist and provide information to the Council, consistent with applicable law, as may be necessary to carry out the functions of the Council.
(b) Funding and administrative support for the Council shall be provided by USAID to the extent permitted by law and within existing appropriations.
(c) The USAID Administrator shall appoint an Executive Director who shall be a Federal officer or employee of USAID and serve as a liaison to the Administrator and the Executive Office of the President and consult with relevant executive departments, agencies, and offices on administrative matters and activities pertaining to the Council.
(d) The members of the Council who are appointed from outside the Federal Government shall serve without compensation for their work on the Council. Members of the Council may, however, receive travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, as authorized by law for persons serving intermittently in the Government service (5 U.S.C. 5701–5707).
(e) Insofar as the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA), as amended ([former] 5 U.S.C. App.) [see 5 U.S.C. 1001 et seq.], may apply to the Council, any functions of the President under FACA, except that of reporting to the Congress, shall be performed by the USAID Administrator in accordance with the guidelines issued by the Administrator of General Services.
Sec. 6. Termination. The Council shall terminate 2 years after the date of this order, unless renewed by the President.
Sec. 7. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:
(i) authority granted by law to a department or agency, or the head thereof; or
(ii) functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.
(b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.
(c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.
Barack Obama.
[Reference to the National Security Staff deemed to be a reference to the National Security Council Staff, see Ex. Ord. No. 13657, set out as a note under section 3021 of Title 50, War and National Defense.]
Extension of Term of President’s Global Development Council
Term of President’s Global Development Council extended until Sept. 30, 2017, by Ex. Ord. No. 13708, Sept. 30, 2015, 80 F.R. 60271, formerly set out as a note under section 1013 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
Previous extension of term of the President’s Global Development Council was contained in the following prior Executive Order:
Ex. Ord. No. 13652, Sept. 30, 2013, 78 F.R. 61817, extended term until Sept. 30, 2015.
Ex. Ord. No. 13623. Preventing and Responding to Violence Against Women and Girls Globally
Ex. Ord. No. 13623, Aug. 10, 2012, 77 F.R. 49345, provided:
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows:
Section 1. Policy. (a) Recognizing that gender-based violence undermines not only the safety, dignity, and human rights of the millions of individuals who experience it, but also the public health, economic stability, and security of nations, it is the policy and practice of the executive branch of the United States Government to have a multi-year strategy that will more effectively prevent and respond to gender-based violence globally.
(b) Under the leadership of my Administration, the United States has made gender equality and women’s empowerment a core focus of our foreign policy. This focus is reflected in our National Security Strategy, the Presidential Policy Directive on Global Development, and the 2010 U.S. Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review. Evidence demonstrates that women’s empowerment is critical to building stable, democratic societies; to supporting open and accountable governance; to furthering international peace and security; to growing vibrant market economies; and to addressing pressing health and education challenges.
(c) Preventing and responding to gender-based violence is a cornerstone of my Administration’s commitment to advance gender equality and women’s empowerment. Such violence significantly hinders the ability of individuals to fully participate in, and contribute to, their communities—economically, politically, and socially. It is a human rights violation or abuse; a public health challenge; and a barrier to civic, social, political, and economic participation. It is associated with adverse health outcomes, limited access to education, increased costs relating to medical and legal services, lost household productivity, and reduced income, and there is evidence it is exacerbated in times of crisis, such as emergencies, natural disasters, and violent conflicts.
(d) The executive branch multi-year strategy for preventing and responding to gender-based violence is set forth in the United States Strategy to Prevent and Respond to Gender-based Violence Globally (Strategy). The Strategy both responds to and expands upon the request in section 7061 of House conference report 112–331 accompanying the Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2012 (Division I of Public Law 112–74), for the executive branch to develop a multi-year strategy to prevent and respond to violence against women and girls in countries where it is common.
Sec. 2. Creating an Interagency Working Group. There is established an Interagency Working Group (Working Group) to address gender-based violence, which shall coordinate implementation of the Strategy by the executive departments and agencies that are members of the Working Group (member agencies) in accordance with the priorities set forth in section 3 of this order.
(a) The Working Group shall be co-chaired by the Secretary of State and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development (Co-Chairs). In addition to the Co-Chairs, the Working Group shall consist of representatives from:
(i) the Department of the Treasury;
(ii) the Department of Defense;
(iii) the Department of Justice;
(iv) the Department of Labor;
(v) the Department of Health and Human Services;
(vi) the Department of Homeland Security;
(vii) the Office of Management and Budget;
(viii) the National Security Staff;
(ix) the Office of the Vice President;
(x) the Peace Corps;
(xi) the Millennium Challenge Corporation;
(xii) the White House Council on Women and Girls; and
(xiii) other executive departments, agencies, and offices, as designated by the Co-Chairs.
(b) Within 120 days of the date of this order, the Co-Chairs shall convene the first meeting of the Working Group to:
(i) establish benchmarks to implement the Strategy; and
(ii) determine a timetable for periodically reviewing those benchmarks.
(c) Within 18 months of the date of this order, the Working Group shall complete a progress report for submission to the Co-Chairs evaluating the U.S. Government’s implementation of the Strategy.
(d) Within 3 years of the date of this order, the Working Group shall complete a final evaluation for submission to the Co-Chairs of the U.S. Government’s implementation of the Strategy.
(e) Within 180 days of completing its final evaluation of the Strategy in accordance with subsection (d) of this section, the Working Group shall update or revise the Strategy to take into account the information learned and the progress made during and through the implementation of the Strategy.
(f) The activities of the Working Group shall, consistent with law, take due account of existing interagency bodies and coordination mechanisms and will coordinate with such bodies and mechanisms where appropriate in order to avoid duplication of efforts.
Sec. 3. Strategy to Prevent and Respond to Gender-based Violence Globally. Member agencies shall implement the Strategy to prevent and respond to gender-based violence globally based on the following priorities reflected in the Strategy:
(a) Increasing Coordination of Gender-based Violence Prevention and Response Efforts Among U.S. Government Agencies and with Other Stakeholders.
(i) Member agencies shall draw upon each other’s expertise, responsibility, and capacity to provide a comprehensive and multi-faceted approach to issues relating to gender-based violence.
(ii) Member agencies shall deepen engagement and coordination with other governments; international organizations, including multilateral and bilateral actors; the private sector; and civil society organizations, such as representatives of indigenous and marginalized groups, foundations, community-based, faith-based, and regional organizations (including those that serve survivors), labor unions, universities, and research organizations. The Working Group shall consider a range of mechanisms by which these stakeholders may provide input to the U.S. Government on its role in preventing and responding to gender-based violence globally.
(b) Enhancing Integration of Gender-based Violence Prevention and Response Efforts into Existing U.S. Government Work. Member agencies shall more comprehensively integrate gender-based violence prevention and response programming into their foreign policy and foreign assistance efforts. This integration shall also build on current efforts that address gender-based violence, such as the U.S. National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security; the Global Health Initiative; the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief; the U.S. Government’s work to counter trafficking in persons; and the U.S. Government’s humanitarian response efforts. The Working Group shall coordinate these different efforts as they relate to gender-based violence to leverage the most effective programs and to avoid duplication.
(c) Improving Collection, Analysis, and Use of Data and Research to Enhance Gender-based Violence Prevention and Response Efforts. Member agencies shall work to promote ethical and safe research, data collection, and evidence-based analyses relating to different forms of gender-based violence and prevention and response efforts at the country and local level. This work will include the development of a research agenda that assesses agencies’ research and data collection capabilities, needs, and gaps; builds upon existing data and research; and is coordinated with the work of other organizations that are prioritizing global gender-based violence research. Member agencies shall prioritize the monitoring and evaluation of gender-based violence prevention and response interventions to determine their effectiveness. Member agencies shall systematically identify and share best practices, lessons learned, and research within and across agencies. Member agencies, as appropriate, shall seek to develop public-private partnerships to support U.S. Government research initiatives and strategic planning efforts.
(d) Enhancing or Expanding U.S. Government Programming that Addresses Gender-based Violence. Consistent with the availability of appropriations, the U.S. Government shall support programming that provides a comprehensive and multi-sector approach to preventing and responding to gender-based violence; shall consider replicating or expanding successful programs; and shall assess the feasibility of a focused, coordinated, comprehensive, and multi-sector approach to gender-based violence in one or more countries.
Sec. 4. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:
(i) the authority granted by law to an executive department, agency, or the head thereof; or
(ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.
(b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.
(c) Independent agencies are strongly encouraged to comply with this order.
(d) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.
Barack Obama.
[Reference to the National Security Staff deemed to be a reference to the National Security Council Staff, see Ex. Ord. No. 13657, set out as a note under section 3021 of Title 50, War and National Defense.]
Ex. Ord. No. 13677. Climate-Resilient International Development
Ex. Ord. No. 13677, Sept. 23, 2014, 79 F.R. 58231, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 13693, § 16(g), Mar. 19, 2015, 80 F.R. 15881, provided:
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, and to safeguard security and economic growth, protect the sustainability and long-term durability of U.S. development work in vulnerable countries, and promote sound decisionmaking and risk management, it is hereby ordered as follows:
Section 1. Policy. The world must reduce greenhouse gas emissions to prevent the most dangerous consequences of climate change. Even with increased efforts to curb these emissions, we must prepare for and adapt to the impacts of climate change. The adverse impacts of climate change, including sea-level rise, increases in temperatures, more frequent extreme precipitation and heat events, more severe droughts, and increased wildfire activity, along with other impacts of greenhouse gas emissions, such as ocean acidification, threaten to roll back decades of progress in reducing poverty and improving economic growth in vulnerable countries, compromise the effectiveness and resilience of U.S. development assistance, degrade security, and risk intranational and international conflict over resources.
Several Executive Orders have established a strong foundation for coordinated and consistent action to incorporate climate-resilience considerations into policies and procedures throughout the Federal Government. Executive departments and agencies (agencies) with international development programs must now build upon the recent progress made pursuant to these orders by systematically factoring climate-resilience considerations into international development strategies, planning, programming, investments, and related funding decisions, including the planning for and management of overseas facilities.
This order requires the integration of climate-resilience considerations into all United States international development work to the extent permitted by law. Dedicated U.S. climate-change adaptation funds are critical to managing the risks posed by climate-change impacts in vulnerable countries. Coping with the magnitude of the consequences of accelerating climate change also requires enhanced efforts across the Federal Government’s broader international development work. Consideration of current and future climate-change impacts will improve the resilience of the Federal Government’s broader international development programs, projects, investments, overseas facilities, and related funding decisions. The United States will also promote a similar approach among relevant multilateral entities in which it participates.
By taking these steps and more fully considering current and future climate-change impacts, the United States will foster better decision-making processes and risk-management approaches, ensure the effectiveness of U.S. investments, and assist other countries in integrating climate-resilience considerations into their own development planning and implementation. Collectively, these efforts will help to better optimize broader international development work and lead to enhanced global preparedness for and resilience to climate change.
The international climate-resilience actions required by this order complement efforts by the Federal Government to reduce greenhouse gas emissions at home and globally. The more greenhouse gas emissions are reduced, the less need there will be to adapt to the impacts of a changing climate.
Sec. 2. Incorporating Climate Resilience into International Development. (a) Agencies with direct international development programs and investments shall:
(i) incorporate climate-resilience considerations into decisionmaking by:
(A) assessing and evaluating climate-related risks to and vulnerabilities in agency strategies, planning, programs, projects, investments, overseas facilities, and related funding decisions, using best-available climate-change data, tools, and information, including those identified or developed pursuant to sections 3 and 4 of this order; and
(B) as appropriate, adjusting strategies, planning, programs, projects, investments, and related funding decisions, including the planning for and management of overseas facilities, based on such assessments and evaluations;
(ii) collaborate with other agencies to share knowledge, data, tools, information, frameworks, and lessons learned in incorporating climate-resilience considerations into agency strategy, planning, programs, projects, investments, and related funding decisions, including the planning for and management of overseas facilities;
(iii) work with other countries, as appropriate, to identify climate risks and incorporate climate-resilience considerations into their international development assistance efforts;
(iv) when determining how to use resources, support efforts of vulnerable countries to integrate climate-resilience considerations into national, regional, and sectoral development planning and action; and
(v) monitor progress in integrating and promoting climate-resilient development considerations as required by this subsection.
(b) Agencies that participate in multilateral entities and other agencies with representation in multilateral development entities, including multilateral development banks and United Nations organizations, shall, as appropriate:
(i) work to encourage multilateral entities to:
(A) assess and evaluate climate-related risks to and vulnerabilities in their strategies, planning, programs, projects, investments, and related funding decisions, using best-available climate-change data, tools, and information; and
(B) adjust their strategies, planning, programs, projects, investments, and related funding decisions, as appropriate, based on such assessments and evaluations;
(ii) collaborate with multilateral entities and share with agencies and other stakeholders knowledge, data, tools, information, frameworks, and lessons learned from the multilateral entities in incorporating climate-resilience considerations into strategies, planning, programs, projects, investments, and related funding decisions;
(iii) encourage multilateral entities to support efforts of vulnerable countries to integrate climate-resilience considerations into national, regional, and sectoral development planning and action; and
(iv) monitor the efforts of multilateral entities in integrating climate-resilient development considerations as encouraged by this order.
Sec. 3. Enhancing Data, Tools, and Information for Climate-Resilient International Development. Agencies with direct international development programs and investments and those that participate in multilateral entities shall work together with science and security agencies and entities, through the Working Group on Climate-Resilient International Development established in section 4 of this order, to identify and develop, as appropriate, data, decision-support tools, and information to allow the screening for and incorporation of considerations of climate-change risks and vulnerabilities, as appropriate, in strategies, plans, programs, projects, investments, and related funding decisions, including the planning for and management of overseas facilities. In addition, such agencies shall coordinate efforts, including those undertaken pursuant to Executive Order 13653, to deliver information on climate-change impacts and make data, tools, and information available to decisionmakers in other countries, so as to build their capacity as information providers and users. United States participants in relevant multilateral entities shall share this information with the respective multilateral entity, as appropriate.
Sec. 4. Working Group on Climate-Resilient International Development. (a) Establishment. There is established a Working Group on Climate-Resilient International Development (Working Group) of the Council on Climate Preparedness and Resilience (Council) established by Executive Order 13653. The Secretary of the Treasury and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, or their designees, shall co-chair the Working Group. Agencies with direct international development programs and investments, agencies that participate in multilateral entities, and science and security agencies and entities shall designate a representative from their respective agencies or entities to participate in the Working Group. Representatives from other agencies or entities may participate in the Working Group as determined by the Co-Chairs.
(b) Mission and Function.
(i) The Working Group shall:
(A) develop, for agencies with direct international development programs and investments, guidelines for integrating considerations of climate-change risks and climate resilience into agency strategies, plans, programs, projects, investments, and related funding decisions, including the planning for and management of overseas facilities;
(B) assess and identify, for agencies with direct international development programs and investments, existing climate-change data, tools, and information, as described in section 3 of this order, to help agencies assess climate risks and make decisions that incorporate climate-resilience considerations, such as through project screening. To the extent the Working Group identifies needs for new data, tools, and information, it shall work with relevant science and security agencies and entities to advance their development, as appropriate;
(C) identify approaches for adjusting strategies, planning, programs, projects, investments, and related funding decisions, including the planning for and management of overseas facilities, to respond to the findings of climate-risk assessments;
(D) facilitate the exchange of knowledge, data, tools, information, frameworks, and lessons learned in assessing climate risks to and incorporating climate-resilience considerations into strategies, planning, programs, projects, investments, and related funding decisions, including the planning for and management of overseas facilities, of agencies with direct international development programs and investments, including efforts referenced in section 3 of this order;
(E) work through existing channels to share best practices developed by the Working Group with other donor countries and multilateral entities to facilitate advancement of climate-resilient development policies;
(F) promote interagency collaboration, including through joint training; and
(G) develop, for agencies with direct international development programs and investments, methods for tracking and reporting on Federal Government progress in institutionalizing more climate-resilient development approaches, including performance metrics.
(ii) The Co-Chairs of the Council may designate additional Co-Chairs of the Working Group. The Co-Chairs of the Working Group may establish sub-working groups, as appropriate.
Sec. 5. Implementation and Reporting of Progress. (a) Implementation. To promote sustained focus on implementation, both at agency headquarters and in the field, the Working Group shall:
(i) establish a 2-year timeline, divided into 6-month intervals, to implement section 4(b)(i) of this order, setting forth specific goals to be accomplished and milestones to be achieved; and
(ii) analyze, at least annually, the Federal Government’s progress in implementing this order and provide recommendations for priority areas for further implementation to the Council, Office of Management and Budget, National Security Council, Council on Environmental Quality, Office of Science and Technology Policy, and other agencies, offices, and entities, as appropriate.
(b) Reporting.
(i) Agencies with direct international development programs and investments shall report on and track progress in achieving the requirements identified in section 2(a) of this order, including accomplished and planned milestones, through the Federal Agency Planning process set forth in section 5 of Executive Order 13653. Once the Working Group has developed metrics and methodologies as required by section 4(b)(i)(G) of this order, agency reporting shall include an estimation of the proportion of each agency’s direct international development programs and investments for which climate-risk assessments have been conducted, as well as an estimation of the proportion of the programs and investments for which climate risk was identified and acted upon.
(ii) Agencies that participate in multilateral entities shall report on the efforts of multilateral entities in integrating climate-resilient development considerations into their operations through the Federal Agency Planning process set forth in section 5 of Executive Order 13653. Where more than one agency is involved in the U.S. Government’s participation in a multilateral entity, the lead agency for such participation shall be responsible for reporting, in coordination with the other agencies involved.
Sec. 6. Climate-Change Mitigation. As agencies incorporate climate-resilience considerations into international development work, they shall continue seeking opportunities to help international partners promote sustainable low-emissions development. The Federal Government has greatly increased the number and variety of international development initiatives focused on climate-change mitigation, including programs to promote clean energy, energy efficiency, and sustainable land-use and forestry practices, as well as partnerships with more than two dozen countries to formulate and implement sustainable low-emissions development strategies. Within 1 year of the date of this order, and building on the full range of efforts the United States has undertaken to date, the National Security Council shall convene relevant agencies and entities to explore further mitigation opportunities in broader U.S. international development work and develop recommendations for further action.
Sec. 7. Definitions. As used in this order:
(a) “Adaptation” has the meaning provided in section 8(b) of Executive Order 13653: adjustment in natural or human systems in anticipation of or response to a changing environment in a way that effectively uses beneficial opportunities or reduces negative effects;
(b) “Direct international development programs and investments” refers to:
(i) bilateral, regional, and multilateral international development programs and investments over which agencies have primary programmatic and financial management responsibilities; or
(ii) the extension of official financing by agencies bilaterally to private sector investors to support international development;
(c) “Climate-change mitigation” refers to actions that reduce or enhance removals of greenhouse gas emissions;
(d) “Resilience” has the meaning provided in section 8(c) of Executive Order 13653: the ability to anticipate, prepare for, and adapt to changing conditions and withstand, respond to, and recover rapidly from disruptions;
(e) “Agencies with direct international development programs and investments” means the Department of State, Department of Agriculture, Department of the Interior, United States Agency for International Development, Millennium Challenge Corporation, Overseas Private Investment Corporation [now United States International Development Finance Corporation], United States Trade and Development Agency, and other relevant agencies and entities, as determined by the Working Group Co-Chairs;
(f) “Science and security agencies and entities” means the Department of the Interior, Department of Energy, Office of Science and Technology Policy, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, United States Global Change Research Program, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, and other relevant agencies and entities, as determined by the Working Group Co-Chairs; and
(g) “Agencies that participate in multilateral entities” means the Department of the Treasury, Department of State, and other relevant agencies and entities, as determined by the Working Group Co-Chairs.
Sec. 8. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:
(i) the authority granted by law or Executive Order to an executive department, agency, or head thereof; or
(ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.
(b) This order shall be implemented consistent with U.S. obligations under international agreements and applicable U.S. law, and shall be subject to the availability of appropriations.
(c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.
Barack Obama.
Ex. Ord. No. 14162. Putting America First in International Environmental Agreements
Ex. Ord. No. 14162, Jan. 20, 2025, 90 F.R. 8455, provided:
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows:
Section 1. Purpose. The United States must grow its economy and maintain jobs for its citizens while playing a leadership role in global efforts to protect the environment. Over decades, with the help of sensible policies that do not encumber private-sector activity, the United States has simultaneously grown its economy, raised worker wages, increased energy production, reduced air and water pollution, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. The United States’ successful track record of advancing both economic and environmental objectives should be a model for other countries.
In recent years, the United States has purported to join international agreements and initiatives that do not reflect our country’s values or our contributions to the pursuit of economic and environmental objectives. Moreover, these agreements steer American taxpayer dollars to countries that do not require, or merit, financial assistance in the interests of the American people.
Sec. 2. Policy. It is the policy of my Administration to put the interests of the United States and the American people first in the development and negotiation of any international agreements with the potential to damage or stifle the American economy. These agreements must not unduly or unfairly burden the United States.
Sec. 3. Implementation. (a) The United States Ambassador to the United Nations shall immediately submit formal written notification of the United States’ withdrawal from the Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The notice shall be submitted to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, the Depositary of the Agreement, attached as Appendix A. The United States will consider its withdrawal from the Agreement and any attendant obligations to be effective immediately upon this provision of notification.
(b) The United States Ambassador to the United Nations shall immediately submit written formal notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, or any relevant party, of the United States’ withdrawal from any agreement, pact, accord, or similar commitment made under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
(c) The United States Ambassador to the United Nations, in collaboration with the Secretary of State and Secretary of the Treasury, shall immediately cease or revoke any purported financial commitment made by the United States under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
(d) Immediately upon completion of the tasks listed in subsections (a), (b), and (c), the United States Ambassador to the United Nations, in collaboration with the Secretary of State and Secretary of the Treasury shall certify a report to the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy and Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs that describes in detail any further action required to achieve the policy objectives set forth in section 2 of this order.
(e) The U.S. International Climate Finance Plan is revoked and rescinded immediately. The Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall,within 10 days of this order, issue guidance for the rescission of all frozen funds.
(f) Within 30 days of this order [Jan. 20, 2025], the Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of Commerce, Secretary of Health and Human Services, Secretary of Energy, Secretary of Agriculture, Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, Administrator of the U.S. Agency for International Development, Chief Executive Officer of the International Development Finance Corporation, Chief Executive Officer of the Millennium Challenge Corporation, Director of the U.S. Trade and Development Agency, President of the Export-Import Bank, and head of any other relevant department or agency shall submit a report to the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy and the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs that details their actions to revoke or rescind policies that were implemented to advance the International Climate Finance Plan.
(g) The Secretary of State, Secretary of Commerce, and the head of any department or agency that plans or coordinates international energy agreements shall henceforth prioritize economic efficiency, the promotion of American prosperity, consumer choice, and fiscal restraint in all foreign engagements that concern energy policy.
Sec. 4. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:
(i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or
(ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.
(b) This order shall be implemented in a manner consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.
(c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or any other persons.
Donald J. Trump.
Ex. Ord. No. 14169. Reevaluating and Realigning United States Foreign Aid
Ex. Ord. No. 14169, Jan. 20, 2025, 90 F.R. 8619, provided:
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered:
Section 1. Purpose. The United States foreign aid industry and bureaucracy are not aligned with American interests and in many cases antithetical to American values. They serve to destabilize world peace by promoting ideas in foreign countries that are directly inverse to harmonious and stable relations internal to and among countries.
Sec. 2. Policy. It is the policy of United States that no further United States foreign assistance shall be disbursed in a manner that is not fully aligned with the foreign policy of the President of the United States.
Sec. 3. (a) 90-day pause in United States foreign development assistance for assessment of programmatic efficiencies and consistency with United States foreign policy. All department and agency heads with responsibility for United States foreign development assistance programs shall immediately pause new obligations and disbursements of development assistance funds to foreign countries and implementing non-governmental organizations, international organizations, and contractors pending reviews of such programs for programmatic efficiency and consistency with United States foreign policy, to be conducted within 90 days of this order [Jan. 20, 2025]. The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) shall enforce this pause through its apportionment authority.
(b) Reviews of United States foreign assistance programs. Reviews of each foreign assistance program shall be ordered by the responsible department and agency heads under guidelines provided by the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Director of OMB.
(c) Determinations. The responsible department and agency heads, in consultation with the Director of OMB, will make determinations within 90 days of this order on whether to continue, modify, or cease each foreign assistance program based upon the review recommendations, with the concurrence of the Secretary of State.
(d) Resumption of paused development assistance funding. New obligations and disbursements of foreign development assistance funds may resume for a program prior to the end of the 90-day period if a review is conducted, and the Secretary of State or his designee, in consultation with the Director of OMB, decide to continue the program in the same or modified form. Additionally, any other new foreign assistance programs and obligations must be approved by the Secretary of State or his designee, in consultation with the Director of OMB.
(e) Waiver. The Secretary of State may waive the pause in Section 3(a) for specific programs.
Sec. 4. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:
(i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or
(ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.
(b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.
(c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.
Donald J. Trump.
Ex. Ord. No. 14204. Addressing Egregious Actions of the Republic of South Africa
Ex. Ord. No. 14204, Feb. 7, 2025, 90 F.R. 9497, provided:
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows:
Section 1. Purpose. In shocking disregard of its citizens’ rights, the Republic of South Africa (South Africa) recently enacted Expropriation Act 13 of 2024 (Act), to enable the government of South Africa to seize ethnic minority Afrikaners’ agricultural property without compensation. This Act follows countless government policies designed to dismantle equal opportunity in employment, education, and business, and hateful rhetoric and government actions fueling disproportionate violence against racially disfavored landowners.
In addition, South Africa has taken aggressive positions towards the United States and its allies, including accusing Israel, not Hamas, of genocide in the International Court of Justice, and reinvigorating its relations with Iran to develop commercial, military, and nuclear arrangements.
The United States cannot support the government of South Africa’s commission of rights violations in its country or its ‘undermining United States foreign policy, which poses national security threats to our Nation, our allies, our African partners, and our interests.
Sec. 2. Policy. It is the policy of the United States that, as long as South Africa continues these unjust and immoral practices that harm our Nation:
(a) the United States shall not provide aid or assistance to South Africa; and
(b) the United States shall promote the resettlement of Afrikaner refugees escaping government-sponsored race-based discrimination, including racially discriminatory property confiscation.
Sec. 3. Assistance. (a) All executive departments and agencies (agencies), including the United States Agency for International Development, shall, to the maximum extent allowed by law, halt foreign aid or assistance delivered or provided to South Africa, and shall promptly exercise all available authorities and discretion to halt such aid or assistance.
(b) The head of each agency may permit the provision of any such foreign aid or assistance that, in the discretion of the relevant agency head, is necessary or appropriate.
Sec. 4. Refugee Resettlement and Other Humanitarian Considerations. The Secretary of State and the Secretary of Homeland Security shall take appropriate steps, consistent with law, to prioritize humanitarian relief, including admission and resettlement through the United States Refugee Admissions Program, for Afrikaners in South Africa who are victims of unjust racial discrimination. Such plan shall be submitted to the President through the Assistant to the President and Homeland Security Advisor.
Sec. 5. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:
(i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or
(ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.
(b) This order shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.
(c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.
Donald J. Trump.
Coordination of Policies and Programs To Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women and Girls Globally
Memorandum of President of the United States, Jan. 30, 2013, 78 F.R. 7989, provided:
Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies
Promoting gender equality and advancing the status of all women and girls around the world remains one of the greatest unmet challenges of our time, and one that is vital to achieving our overall foreign policy objectives. Ensuring that women and girls, including those most marginalized, are able to participate fully in public life, are free from violence, and have equal access to education, economic opportunity, and health care increases broader economic prosperity, as well as political stability and security.
During my Administration, the United States has made promoting gender equality and advancing the status of women and girls a central element of our foreign policy, including by leading through example at home. Executive Order 13506 of March 11, 2009, established the White House Council on Women and Girls to coordinate Federal policy on issues, both domestic and international, that particularly impact the lives of women and girls. This commitment to promoting gender equality is also reflected in the National Security Strategy of the United States, the Presidential Policy Directive on Global Development, and the 2010 U.S. Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review.
To elevate and integrate this strategic focus on the promotion of gender equality and the advancement of women and girls around the world, executive departments and agencies (agencies) have issued policy and operational guidance. For example, in March 2012, the Secretary of State issued Policy Guidance on Promoting Gender Equality to Achieve our National Security and Foreign Policy Objectives, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Administrator released Gender Equality and Female Empowerment Policy. The Millennium Challenge Corporation issued Gender Integration Guidelines in March 2011 to ensure its existing gender policy is fully realized. My Administration has also developed a National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security, created pursuant to Executive Order 13595 of December 19, 2011, to strengthen conflict resolution and peace processes through the inclusion of women, and a Strategy to Prevent and Respond to Gender-based Violence Globally, implemented pursuant to Executive Order 13623 of August 10, 2012, to combat gender-based violence around the world. Improving interagency coordination and information sharing, and strengthening agency capacity and accountability will help ensure the effective implementation of these and other Government efforts to promote gender equality and advance the status of women and girls globally.
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, and in order to further strengthen the capacity of the Federal Government to ensure that U.S. diplomacy and foreign assistance promote gender equality and advance the status of women and girls worldwide, I hereby direct the following:
Section 1. Strengthening Capacity and Coordination to Promote Gender Equality and Advance the Status of Women and Girls Internationally. (a) Enhancing U.S. global leadership on gender equality requires dedicated resources, personnel with appropriate expertise in advancing the status of women and girls worldwide, and commitment from senior leadership, as exemplified by the critical and historic role played by the Office of Global Women’s Issues at the Department of State. To assure maximum coordination of efforts to promote gender equality and advance the status of women and girls, the Secretary of State (Secretary) shall designate a coordinator (Coordinator), who will normally also be appointed by the President as an Ambassador at Large (Ambassador at Large) subject to the advice and consent of the Senate. The Ambassador at Large, who shall report directly to the Secretary of State, shall lead the Office of Global Women’s Issues at the Department of State and provide advice and assistance on issues related to promoting gender equality and advancing the status of women and girls internationally.
(b) The Ambassador at Large shall, to the extent the Secretary may direct and consistent with applicable law, provide guidance and coordination with respect to global policies and programs for women and girls, and shall lead efforts to promote an international focus on gender equality more broadly, including through diplomatic initiatives with other countries and partnerships and enhanced coordination with international and nongovernmental organizations and the private sector. To this end, the Ambassador at Large shall also, to the extent the Secretary may direct, assist in:
(i) implementing existing and developing new policies, strategies, and action plans for the promotion of gender equality and advancement of the status of women and girls internationally, and coordinating such actions with USAID and other agencies carrying out related international activities, as appropriate; and
(ii) coordinating such initiatives with other countries and international organizations, as well as with nongovernmental organizations.
(c) Recognizing the vital link between diplomacy and development, and the importance of gender equality as both a goal in itself and as a vital means to achieving the broader aims of U.S. development assistance, the Senior Coordinator for Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment at USAID shall provide guidance to the USAID Administrator in identifying, developing, and advancing key priorities for U.S. development assistance, coordinating, as appropriate, with other agencies.
(d) The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (or designee), in close collaboration with the Chair of the White House Council on Women and Girls (or designee) and the Ambassador at Large (or designee), shall chair an interagency working group to develop and coordinate Government-wide implementation of policies to promote gender equality and advance the status of women and girls internationally. The Working Group shall consist of senior representatives from the Departments of State, the Treasury, Defense, Justice, Agriculture, Commerce, Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Homeland Security; the Intelligence Community, as determined by the Director of National Intelligence; the United States Agency for International Development; the Millennium Challenge Corporation; the Peace Corps; the U.S. Mission to the United Nations; the Office of the United States Trade Representative; the Office of Management and Budget; the Office of the Vice President; the National Economic Council; and such other agencies and offices as the President may designate.
Sec. 2. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this memorandum shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:
(i) the authority granted by law or Executive Order to an executive department, agency, or the head thereof; or
(ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.
(b) This memorandum shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.
(c) Upon designation as such by the Secretary, the Coordinator shall exercise the functions of the Ambassador at Large set forth in this memorandum.
(d) This memorandum is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.
(e) The Secretary of State is hereby authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.
Barack Obama.
Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment
Memorandum of President of the United States, June 26, 2022, 87 F.R. 39323, provided:
Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, and to establish my Administration’s policy and approach to executing the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment (PGII), it is hereby ordered as follows:
Section 1. Policy. Infrastructure is critical to driving a society’s productivity and prosperity. When done well, infrastructure connects workers to good jobs; allows businesses to grow and thrive; facilitates the delivery of vital services; creates opportunities for all segments of society, including underserved communities; moves goods to markets; enables rapid information-sharing and communication; protects societies from the effects of climate change and public health crises or other emergencies; and supports global connection among nations. Infrastructure comes in many forms and sizes, from the large-scale energy systems that power inclusive economies, to the local healthcare networks that contribute to global health security, to the range of innovative infrastructure developed through investments from financial institutions and small- and medium-sized enterprises. My Administration is making an urgent, once-in-a-generation investment in domestic infrastructure that will create jobs, help address the climate crisis, and help the Nation recover from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID–19) pandemic—and the same focus is needed around the globe.
Internationally, infrastructure has long been underfunded, with over $40 trillion in estimated need in the developing world—a need that will only increase with the climate crisis and population growth. Many low- and middle-income countries lack adequate access to high-quality financing that meets their long-term infrastructure investment needs. Too often, financing options lack transparency, fuel corruption and poor governance, and create unsustainable debt burdens, often leading to projects that exploit, rather than empower, workers; exacerbate challenges faced by vulnerable populations, such as forced displacement; degrade natural resources and the environment; threaten economic stability; undermine gender equality and human rights; and put insufficient focus on cybersecurity best practices—a failure that can contribute to vulnerable information and communications technology networks.
The underinvestment in infrastructure is not just financial, but also technical. Delivering high-quality infrastructure in low- and middle-income countries must include helping to establish and improve the necessary institutional and policy frameworks, regulatory environment, and human capacity to ensure the sustainable delivery of services to communities; defining strong engineering, environmental, social, governance, and labor standards; and structuring projects to attract private investment. Through the PGII, the United States and like-minded partners will emphasize high-standards and quality investments in resilient infrastructure that will drive job creation, safeguard against corruption, guarantee respect for workers’ organizations and collective bargaining as allowed by national law or similar mechanisms, support inclusive economic recovery, address risks of environmental degradation, promote robust cybersecurity, promote skills transfer, and protect American economic prosperity and national security. The PGII will also advance values-driven infrastructure development that is carried out in a transparent and sustainable manner—financially, environmentally, and socially—to lead to better outcomes for recipient countries and communities.
There is bipartisan support for international infrastructure development. The Congress passed the Better Utilization of Investments Leading to Development Act of 2018 (BUILD Act) (Division F of Public Law 115–254, 132 Stat. 3485) [22 U.S.C. 9601 et seq.] with bipartisan support to mobilize private-sector dollars to support economic development in low- and middle income countries, which can include support for projects to build infrastructure, creating first-time access to electricity, starting businesses, and creating jobs. The BUILD Act institutionalized the United States’ commitment to private sector-funded development by establishing the United States International Development Finance Corporation (DFC), authorized a higher exposure cap for the DFC than the exposure cap for the former Overseas Private Investment Corporation, and provided new tools to engage entrepreneurs and investors to help low- and middle-income countries access private resources to generate economic growth. These investments help ensure that our partners are stronger, create opportunities for people around the world, and reduce the need for future United States foreign aid.
In a similar spirit, in 2018 the Congress passed the AGOA and MCA Modernization Act (Public Law 115–167, 132 Stat. 1276) [see Short Title of 2018 Amendment note set out under section 3701 of Title 19, Customs Duties], authorizing the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) to make concurrent regional compacts under specified conditions, which can include investments in regional infrastructure. This new authority builds on the MCC’s record of delivering complex infrastructure projects that result in the delivery of vital services for communities and sustainable, inclusive economic growth. In addition, recognizing the need for access to high-quality, fair, and transparent financing for United States exporters and foreign buyers, the Congress also reauthorized the Export-Import Bank of the United States (EXIM) for 7 years in 2019. The EXIM’s reauthorization legislation also took steps to advance American leadership in transformational exports, which can include support for goods and services necessary for open, secure, reliable, and interoperable information and communications technology.
The United States and its partners have a long history of providing high-quality financing and technical support for infrastructure projects throughout the world. However, the lack of a comprehensive approach for coordinating infrastructure investments with like-minded partners often leads to inefficiencies and missed opportunities for coordinated investments to deliver at scale. Greater flexibility, speed, and resources, combined with expanded internal coordination within the United States Government, will provide opportunities for the United States Government and United States companies to better meet the infrastructure needs of low- and middle-income countries around the world. At the same time, greater coordination with G7 and other like-minded partners will increase efficiency and catalyze new financing to advance a shared vision of values driven, high-quality, and sustainable infrastructure around the world.
Four key priorities relating to infrastructure will be especially critical for robust development in the coming decades: climate and energy security, digital connectivity, health and health security, and gender equality and equity. Economic prosperity and competitiveness will largely be driven by how well countries harness their digital and technology sectors and transition to clean energy to provide environmentally sustainable and broadly shared, inclusive growth for their people. Countries not only will need new and retrofitted infrastructure, secure clean energy supply chains, and secure access to critical minerals and metals to facilitate energy access and transitions to clean energy, but also will need significant investments in infrastructure to make communities more resilient to diverse threats, from pandemics to malicious cyber actors, to the increasing effects of climate change. Further, the COVID–19 pandemic has highlighted the unequal infrastructure needs in the developing world and has disproportionately affected low- and middle-income countries and regions, particularly with respect to the health sector.
In the developing world, the pandemic has also set back the economic participation of women and members of underserved communities and has reversed decades of progress toward ending poverty, with global extreme poverty rising for the first time in more than 20 years due to COVID–19. The pandemic has highlighted the need for expanded investments in and high-quality financing for strengthened health systems to both fight the current pandemic and prepare for future health crises.
It is therefore the policy of the United States to catalyze international infrastructure financing and development through the PGII, which is designed to offer low- and middle-income countries a comprehensive, transparent, values-driven financing choice for infrastructure development to advance climate and energy security, digital connectivity, health and health security, and gender equality and equity priorities. The PGII will mobilize public and private resources to meet key infrastructure needs, while enhancing American competitiveness in international infrastructure development and creating good jobs at home and abroad. In this effort, the United States is working in close partnership with G7 and other like-minded partners toward infrastructure financing and infrastructure development that are sustainable, clean, resilient, inclusive, and transparent, and that adhere to high standards.
Sec. 2. Approach. In order to meet the enormous infrastructure needs in the developing world, a new approach to international infrastructure development that emphasizes high-standards investment is needed. To meet this challenge and seize this opportunity, the PGII should:
(a) partner with low- and middle-income countries to finance infrastructure across key sectors that advances the four key priorities critical to sustainable, inclusive growth: climate and energy security, digital connectivity, health and health security, and gender equality and equity;
(b) promote the execution of projects in a timely fashion in consultation and partnership with host countries and local stakeholders to meet their priority needs and opportunities, balancing both short- and longer-term priorities;
(c) pursue the dual goals of advancing prosperity and surmounting global challenges, including the climate crisis, through the development of clean, climate-resilient infrastructure that drives job creation, accelerates clean energy innovation, and supports inclusive economic recovery;
(d) support the policy and institutional reforms that are key to creating the conditions and capacity for sound projects and lasting results and to attracting private financing;
(e) boost the competitiveness of the United States by supporting businesses, including small- and medium-sized enterprises in overseas infrastructure and technology development, thereby creating jobs and economic growth here at home;
(f) advance transparency, accountability, and performance metrics to allow assessment of whether investments and projects deliver results and are responsive to country needs, are financially sound, and meet a high standard;
(g) mobilize private capital from both the United States private sector and the private sector in partner countries;
(h) build upon relationships with international financial institutions, including the multilateral development banks (MDBs), to mobilize capital;
(i) focus on projects that can attract complementary private-sector financing and catalyze additional market activity to multiply the positive impact on economies and communities;
(j) coordinate sources of bilateral and multilateral development finance to maximize the ability to meet infrastructure needs and facilitate the implementation of high standards for infrastructure investment;
(k) uphold high standards for infrastructure investments and procurement, which safeguard against bribery and other forms of corruption, better address climate risks and risks of environmental degradation, promote skills transfer, generate good jobs, mitigate risks to vulnerable populations, and promote long-term economic and social benefits for economies and communities; and
(l) align G7 and other like-minded partners to coordinate our respective approaches, investment criteria, expertise, and resources on infrastructure to advance a common vision and better meet the needs of low- and middle-income countries and regions.
Sec. 3. Execution. (a) A whole-of-government approach is necessary to meet the challenge of international infrastructure development, with executive departments and agencies (agencies) working together with like minded partners. The Special Presidential Coordinator for the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment shall be responsible for overseeing the whole-of-government execution of these efforts and serving as the central node for United States coordination among the G7, as well as with other like-minded partners, the private sector, and other external actors. While specific lines of effort and initiatives may each have agency leads, such as on sourcing critical minerals or identifying trusted 5G and 6G vendors, whole-of-government policies should be addressed through the Coordinator.
(b) Agencies shall, consistent with applicable law and available appropriations, prioritize support for the PGII and make strategic investments across the PGII’s key priorities of climate and energy security, digital connectivity, health and health security, and gender equality and equity.
(c) The PGII shall be executed through the following key implementation efforts:
(i) The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (APNSA), through the interagency process identified in National Security Memorandum 2 of February 4, 2021 (Renewing the National Security Council System) (NSM–2), shall submit a report to the President within 180 days of the date of this memorandum [June 26, 2022]. The report shall include recommendations on United States Government actions to boost the competitiveness of the United States in international infrastructure development, and to improve coordination on international infrastructure development across relevant agencies.
(ii) The Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of Labor, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, the Secretary of Transportation, the Secretary of Energy, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and the heads of other relevant agencies shall prioritize programming consistent with the policy and approach described in sections 1 and 2 of this memorandum to support timely delivery of international infrastructure development, particularly across the PGII’s four key priorities, as appropriate and consistent with their respective authorities. The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of MCC, the CEO of DFC, the President of EXIM, the Director of the Trade and Development Agency (TDA), and the heads of other relevant independent agencies are encouraged to follow this same line of effort, as appropriate and consistent with their respective authorities.
(iii) The Secretary of State shall direct Chiefs of Mission to use all appropriate tools and to develop coordination mechanisms—including through Embassy Deal Teams—to address host country strategic infrastructure needs within the PGII’s four key priority areas.
(iv) The Secretary of State and the Secretary of Commerce, in consultation with the Secretary of Health and Human Services, the Secretary of Energy, the Administrator of USAID, the CEO of MCC, the CEO of DFC, the President of EXIM, and the Special Presidential Coordinator, shall develop a strategy for using Embassy Deal Teams to identify potential priority infrastructure projects for the PGII and refer promising opportunities to relevant agencies for consideration, based on each agency’s strengths and authorities.
(v) The Secretary of State, through the Special Presidential Coordinator and in consultation with the heads of other relevant agencies, shall coordinate diplomatic engagements to expand the PGII beyond the G7 to bring greater resources and opportunities for partnership.
(vi) The Secretary of State, through the Special Presidential Coordinator and in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of Labor, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, the Secretary of Transportation, the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, the Administrator of USAID, the CEO of MCC, and the CEO of DFC, shall lead interagency efforts regarding international coordination on infrastructure development standards and metrics, including on labor and environment, and certification mechanisms, including through the Blue Dot Network.
(vii) The Secretary of Commerce, in consultation with the Administrator of the Small Business Administration, the President of EXIM, the Director of TDA, and the Special Presidential Coordinator, shall develop and implement a strategy to boost the competitiveness of the United States and promote the use of United States equipment and services in international infrastructure development.
(viii) The Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, the CEO of MCC, the CEO of DFC, and the Special Presidential Coordinator, shall develop and implement a strategy to catalyze private-sector investment and support low- and middle-income countries across the PGII’s four key priority areas.
(ix) The Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, the Administrator of USAID, and the Special Presidential Coordinator shall develop a plan for engaging the MDBs to foster high-quality infrastructure investment and increased private-capital mobilization for low- and middle-income countries, and shall coordinate with like-minded partners in the plan’s execution. The CEO of DFC, in consultation with the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Administrator of USAID, and the Special Presidential Coordinator, is encouraged to develop a plan to enhance engagement with national and international development finance institutions to increase private-capital mobilization.
(x) The Secretary of Transportation, in consultation with the heads of other relevant agencies, shall develop and implement a strategy to promote high-quality, sustainable, and resilient transportation infrastructure in low- and middle-income countries, including through the launch of a comprehensive toolkit for national, subnational, and multilateral partners that emphasizes best practices in planning, finance, project delivery, safety, and maintenance.
(xi) The APNSA, through the interagency process identified in NSM–2 and in coordination with the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, shall identify potential legislative and administrative actions that could improve the ability of United States economic development and assistance, development finance, and export credit tools to meet international infrastructure development needs.
(xii) The APNSA, through the interagency process identified in NSM–2, shall lead biannual reviews to monitor the progress, metrics, and outcomes of the PGII’s investments and projects; identify strategic opportunities across the PGII’s four key priorities; and ensure that the execution of the PGII aligns with, and supports, broader strategic United States national security and economic objectives and values, including by supporting United States companies in international infrastructure development.
Sec. 4. Definition. For purposes of this memorandum, “agency” means any authority of the United States that is an “agency” under 44 U.S.C. 3502(1), other than one considered to be an independent regulatory agency, as defined in 44 U.S.C. 3502(5). “Agency” also means any component of the Executive Office of the President.
Sec. 5. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this memorandum shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:
(i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or
(ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.
(b) This memorandum shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.
(c) This memorandum is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.
(d) The Secretary of State is authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.
J.R. Biden, Jr.