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If any person becomes liable for tax under any section of chapter 42 (relating to private foundations and certain other tax-exempt organizations) by reason of any act or failure to act which is not due to reasonable cause and either—(1) such person has theretofore been liable for tax under such chapter, or (2) such act or failure to act is both willful and flagrant, then such person shall be liable for a penalty equal to the amount of such tax. (Added Pub. L. 91–172, title I, § 101(c), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 519; amended Pub. L. 100–203, title X, § 10712(c)(4), Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1330–467.) Editorial Notes Amendments1987—Pub. L. 100–203 inserted “and certain other tax-exempt organizations” after “private foundations” in parenthetical. Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries Effective Date of 1987 AmendmentAmendment by Pub. L. 100–203 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 22, 1987, see section 10712(d) of Pub. L. 100–203, set out as an Effective Date note under section 4955 of this title. Effective DateSection effective Jan. 1, 1970, see section 101(k)(1) of Pub. L. 91–172, set out as a note under section 4940 of this title.

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