The MENTOR Act of 2024 requires the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy to develop consistent guidelines within six months to address mental health and mentoring for graduate students and postdoctoral researchers at federally funded institutions. These guidelines would standardize definitions of bullying and harassment, require mentoring plans with grant applications, establish confidential reporting mechanisms for misconduct, and ensure access to mental health care and financial security for early-career researchers. Federal research agencies would then have one year to implement policies based on these guidelines and report their progress to Congress. The bill also directs the National Science Foundation and National Institutes of Health to conduct biennial evaluations of mental health among graduate and postdoctoral researchers, and requires the Government Accountability Office to assess the effectiveness of implemented guidelines within three years.