This bill splits the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals into two separate circuits and creates numerous new federal judgeships across the country. The Ninth Circuit, which currently covers nine western states plus Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, would be divided into a new smaller Ninth Circuit covering California, Guam, Hawaii, and the Northern Mariana Islands, and a new Twelfth Circuit covering Alaska, Arizona, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington. The bill authorizes the appointment of two new circuit court judges for the Ninth Circuit and thirteen for the Twelfth Circuit, plus sixty-five additional district court judges spread across numerous districts nationwide, with the largest increases in California, Texas, and Florida. The bill includes provisions allowing judges from each circuit to temporarily assist the other when needed and converts several existing temporary judgeships into permanent positions. Most of the bill's provisions take effect one year after enactment, with funding authorization left open-ended to cover new court facilities and operations.