The Value in Health Care Act of 2023 aims to encourage healthcare providers to participate in Medicare's alternative payment models, particularly Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs), by removing regulatory barriers and improving financial transparency. The bill eliminates distinctions between large and small ACOs, allows organizations to operate for three years before taking on financial risk, and requires the Medicare program to make benchmark calculation methodologies public so providers can verify accuracy and appeal findings before administrative judges. It also creates a new full-risk payment option where ACOs can earn 100 percent of savings while bearing equivalent losses, and establishes a study to compare alternative payment models with Medicare Advantage to identify ways to improve alignment and equity across different provider types, including rural, small practice, and safety-net providers. The bill directs the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to submit a report within 90 days on avoiding penalties for cost savings and implementing effective benchmarking policies.