The Equal Representation Act would require the U.S. Census Bureau to ask respondents about their citizenship status starting with the 2030 census and every 10 years thereafter. The bill would add four citizenship categories to the census questionnaire: U.S. citizens, U.S. nationals who are not citizens, lawfully residing aliens, and unlawfully residing aliens. Within 120 days after each census, the Census Bureau would publicly release the number of people in each category by state. The most significant change would exclude non-citizens from the population count used to determine how many House Representatives each state receives and how many electoral votes each state has in presidential elections. This change would take effect following the 2030 census and apply to all future decennial censuses.