The Accountability for Acting Officials Act modifies federal rules governing temporary "acting" officials who fill vacant government positions without Senate confirmation. The bill tightens eligibility requirements by mandating that acting officials have served in their agencies for specific periods and possess the same qualifications as Senate-confirmed appointees, while shortening the time cabinet-level positions can remain filled by acting officials from 210 days to 120 days. The legislation requires acting officials to testify before Congress at least once every 60 days and mandates that agencies report vacancies and changes in acting officials within 7 days rather than immediately. The bill affects all federal agencies and transitions of power between presidential administrations, with most provisions taking effect 180 days after enactment.