The FORTIFY United States Research Act restricts federal collaboration with countries designated as national security threats, primarily targeting China, on military and intelligence-related research. The bill prohibits the Defense and Energy departments from approving federal research grants for work that will be jointly conducted with foreign governments or entities, or with individuals receiving compensation from countries of concern, though national security waivers are available. The legislation affects universities, research institutions, and individual researchers receiving federal funding, and imposes penalties including full grant repayment and criminal penalties up to five years imprisonment for failing to disclose foreign compensation or making false statements on grant applications. The bill also creates a database of Chinese institutions tied to defense research, requires visa document modernization, restricts entry for foreign nationals seeking to acquire sensitive technologies, and mandates reporting by inspectors general and the Government Accountability Office. Implementation timelines include establishing the database within months, completing a study on U.S.-China research partnerships within one year, and submitting initial reports to Congress within 180 days, with ongoing annual reporting requirements thereafter.