The FRESHER Act of 2023 addresses water pollution from oil and gas operations by removing an exemption that previously allowed stormwater runoff from these industries to avoid federal permitting requirements under the Clean Water Act. The bill directs the Secretary of the Interior to study areas potentially contaminated by stormwater from oil and gas operations, examining groundwater resources, measurable contamination levels, and the risk to aquifers. The Secretary must submit findings to Congress within one year of the bill's enactment. This legislation affects oil and gas companies that currently operate without stormwater permits and aims to provide a scientific foundation for future environmental protections by documenting the actual impacts of industrial stormwater runoff on water resources.