This bill directs the U.S. Department of Agriculture to establish a comprehensive research program on how farming and land management practices affect greenhouse gas emissions and carbon storage in soil. The Secretary of Agriculture must develop a standardized method for measuring soil carbon within nine months, create technical guidance to help farmers voluntarily report their soil carbon data, and establish a national Soil Carbon Inventory and Analysis Network to monitor soil carbon changes every five years across public and private agricultural lands. The legislation also requires the USDA to build computer models that predict how different conservation practices will impact greenhouse gas emissions and soil carbon sequestration, and it expands the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative to include research on measuring and verifying greenhouse gas emissions. The bill authorizes $2 million annually for soil carbon methodology development, $17.5 million annually for the inventory network, and $500,000 annually for predictive modeling tools. All data collected will be kept private and aggregated to protect individual farmer and rancher information.