The Biosecurity Modernization and Innovation Act improves security measures for nucleic acid synthesis (DNA and RNA production) in commerce by establishing requirements for companies that sell these materials domestically or internationally. Covered entities must verify buyer identity and intended use, screen orders against a government-maintained list of dangerous biological sequences, refuse sales that pose national security risks, report suspicious transactions, undergo regular compliance audits, and keep records for five years. The Secretary of Commerce must issue compliance guidance within 180 days, establish systems to detect order-splitting schemes, create and maintain a list of restricted sequences, and publish biennial reports on biosecurity effectiveness. Violations can result in civil penalties up to $750,000 per violation, though companies receive 30 days written notice to correct problems before enforcement action begins. These federal requirements take effect one year after enactment and preempt existing voluntary guidelines and state laws on nucleic acid screening, though states retain authority over consumer protection, data privacy, and public health matters.