The Data Center Fair Share Act would require electric utilities to charge large-load customers, primarily data centers with peak demand of 100 megawatts or more, the full cost of any infrastructure upgrades needed to serve their electricity needs. This includes generation, transmission, and distribution system improvements that utilities would otherwise spread across all ratepayers. The bill gives utilities two options: require large customers to pay upfront through a contribution to construction costs, or assign upgrade costs to a class of large-load customers rather than the general customer base. States have up to two years to implement these standards for utilities under their jurisdiction, though states that already have comparable policies in place are exempt. If a state fails to adopt the standards, the federal government would withhold 100 percent of that state's highway construction funding in subsequent fiscal years, creating a strong incentive for compliance.