The MAGA Act would fundamentally change how congressional representation is allocated among the states by excluding noncitizens from the population count used to determine how many House seats each state receives. Specifically, the bill requires the Secretary of Commerce to revise the 2020 census data by January 31, 2027 (with a possible extension to March 31, 2027) to count only U.S. citizens when calculating each state's population for apportionment purposes, using existing government records and data rather than conducting a new census. The legislation also mandates that all future decennial censuses beginning in 2030 include a citizenship question asking respondents to identify whether they are U.S. citizens, nationals, lawfully residing aliens, or unlawfully residing aliens, with results made public by citizenship status within 120 days of each census. To facilitate legal challenges, the bill creates expedited judicial review procedures, including automatic convening of three-judge district court panels and direct appeal to the Supreme Court. The changes could shift congressional representation away from states with larger noncitizen populations toward states with higher citizenship rates, potentially altering the political balance in the House of Representatives.