This bill directs the Secretary of Health and Human Services to set annual reference prices for prescription drugs covered by federal health programs, capping what manufacturers can charge for those medications. The reference price would generally be based on the lowest retail price for the same drug in twelve other developed countries (Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom), or determined through other factors like therapeutic value if pricing data isn't available in at least three countries. The price controls would apply to Medicare, Medicaid, CHIP, TRICARE, Veterans Affairs, the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program, and Indian Health Care programs, and manufacturers would be required to offer the same reference price to all other purchasers, including uninsured individuals and those with private insurance. Drug manufacturers who violate these requirements would face civil penalties equal to five times the difference between what they actually charged and what they would have charged at the reference price, with collected penalties directed to the National Institutes of Health for drug research and development. The bill covers both brand-name and generic drugs.