S. 4139 requires the Secretary of State and Secretary of Defense to jointly prepare a comprehensive report on security threats facing Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania within 180 days of the bill's enactment. The report must assess military, cyber, hybrid, and political threats to these Baltic NATO members, identify the roles of hostile actors like Russia, Belarus, China, and Iran, and evaluate current U.S. and NATO defensive capabilities in the region. The legislation directs the secretaries to recommend ways to strengthen the Baltic countries' deterrence posture, cybersecurity, and democratic institutions, as well as identify opportunities for enhanced defense cooperation with the United States. Congress views supporting Baltic security as vital to U.S. national interests, particularly given Russia's ongoing war in Ukraine and economic pressure from China, and the report will be submitted to relevant congressional committees in unclassified form with an optional classified section.
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