The Punishing Health Care Fraudsters Act increases criminal penalties for health care fraud across two main federal statutes. It raises maximum prison sentences from 10 to 25 years and from 20 to 30 years for health care fraud under federal law, and similarly increases penalties for violations involving federal health care programs like Medicare and Medicaid, with criminal fines rising from $100,000 to $250,000. The bill also directs the U.S. Sentencing Commission to review and update sentencing guidelines for these offenses to reflect their seriousness, considering factors such as financial loss to victims, the sophistication of the fraud scheme, threats to public health, and privacy violations. These changes apply to any health care fraud conduct occurring after the bill is enacted. The legislation targets individuals and organizations that commit fraud against federal and private health insurance programs, aiming to deter these crimes through substantially harsher criminal consequences.