The Radiation Health Research Act directs the National Institutes of Health to establish and carry out a comprehensive research program studying how nuclear radiation affects women's health, with particular focus on pregnant women, adolescent girls, and pre-adolescent girls. The program must track participating individuals for at least 10 years using the best available scientific methods while maintaining strict confidentiality protections for all participants. The research will involve collaboration across multiple federal agencies, including the Department of Energy and the Department of Health and Human Services, as well as outside experts and stakeholders. The NIH Director must report to Congress annually beginning one year after the law takes effect, providing findings, identifying gaps in current knowledge about radiation's health effects on women, and recommending strategies to reduce potential harms through education and other means. While the bill does not specify a funding amount, it authorizes spending as Congress appropriates funds for the program.