The Combat Pay Protection Act would provide military service members with a one-time corrective increase to special and incentive pays, followed by automatic annual adjustments going forward. The initial increase, taking effect January 1 of the year after the bill is enacted, would be based on whichever is greater: the cumulative inflation since the last pay adjustment or the growth in basic military pay over that same period. After that first year, special and incentive pays would automatically adjust every January 1 based on the greater of annual inflation or the annual basic pay increase for service members. The bill covers various military bonuses and incentives under federal law, and these adjustments would apply regardless of any statutory caps on maximum pay amounts. The legislation would require the Defense Secretary to publish a table by December 31 of the enactment year showing each affected pay type, its previous adjustment date, the new amounts, and the total increases.