The FORMULA Act of 2026 strengthens federal oversight of infant formula safety by requiring the Secretary of Health and Human Services to establish maximum permissible levels for contaminants in infant formula. The law defines contaminants broadly to include heavy metals, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), phthalates, microplastics, pesticides, and biological toxins such as cyanotoxins from harmful algal blooms. Manufacturers must test their products to ensure compliance, maintain testing records for at least two years after the product expires, and make those records available to federal inspectors. The legislation requires the Health and Human Services Secretary to issue implementing regulations within 180 days of enactment, with those regulations taking effect 180 days after issuance, and mandates annual congressional reports listing any manufacturers in violation and detailing specific contaminant levels found in infant formula during routine testing. This bill affects all domestic infant formula manufacturers and ultimately protects infants by establishing science-based safety standards that consider the cumulative health impacts of contaminants on infant brain development.